Cadmium, an environmental pollutant prevalent in various industrial surroundings, poses a substantial risk to male fertility. This review explores the complex mechanisms through which cadmium exerts its toxic effects on the testis. The testis, a primary target for cadmium accumulation, experiences structural and functional alterations that disrupt essential cellular processes associated with spermatogenesis. Cadmium-induced testicular injury involves a cascade of events, including apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruptions in key signaling pathways. These molecular and cellular changes collectively contribute to compromised testicular function, leading to impaired sperm development and functional activity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for delineating the comprehensive impact of cadmium on male fertility. Furthermore, such information opens avenues for developing targeted interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of cadmium exposure on male reproductive function. This review aims to consolidate current research findings, providing a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms underlying cadmium-induced testicular injury and its implications for male fertility.