Bacterial conjunctivitis is a widespread ocular infection affecting both humans and animals, commonly caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. This review examines the similarities in etiologies, clinical features, and the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance observed in conjunctival infections across species. Notably, the emergence of resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has complicated treatment efforts and increased public health concerns. The rising rates of resistance highlight the urgent need for coordinated surveillance systems and more prudent antibiotic use. Employing the One Health approach, which recognizes the intrinsic links between human, animal, and environmental health, provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of resistance development, transmission pathways, and risks of zoonotic and reverse zoonotic infections. Gaining a thorough understanding of these interactions is crucial for designing effective management strategies, improving diagnostic protocols, and promoting responsible antimicrobial stewardship in both medical and veterinary fields. A unified effort is necessary to address the evolving threat of antibiotic-resistant conjunctival pathogens.