Background: Refractive errors is the most common cause of visual impairment among school-aged students, forming a raising trend all over the world, reflecting negative impact on the achievement of two vital global indicators of development in the form of education and health. not Much existing new dated data on school-aged students refractive errors prevalence in Iraq were gathered to Understand prevalence of refractive errors which is vital to reduce the consequences of uncorrected refractive error as its most common causes are avoidable by early diagnosis and treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors among secondary school students in Baghdad, Iraq. Method: a school-based descriptive cross-sectional study of 68 students (aged 16-17 years) whom was selected through random sampling technique, in one randomly selected high school in Baghdad, Iraq on March, 2024 was done. Data collection was done through a self-generated questionnaire that's been answered by targeted students themselves, there was 68 respondents have been gathered, data was graphed and analyzed, pie charts and frequency tables were used to summarize the data. Results: of 60 valid respondents were gathered, 30% (18) of students complained about visual problems, known cases of refractive errors with an exception of one case, the prevalence among students of myopia was 29.41% (5), hyperopia was none, astigmatism 17.64% (3), and a combined refractive error of myopia + astigmatism of 52.94% (9), a 66.66% (12/18) complain of negative impact on their life. Students with history of using spectacles were 28.33% (17), with a variable adherence of very good 58.82% (10), good 23.52% (4), average 5.88% (1), and poor 11.76% (2). Study shows a prevalence of compliance to annual eye examination of visual acuity of 36.66% (22). Study records an increase in time that's being spent on electronic devices with a 53.33% 3-5 hrs. period of time, and a predominance of 78.33% of smart phones being the most used, also a decreased out door time and near-vision tasks of 60% 3-5 hrs. period of time. Study shows a positive family history of refractive errors in both students parents of 26.66% (16), and in only one of them 40% (24). Conclusion: prevalence of refractive errors among Al-Harythia D.H.S students in Baghdad was high, these results suggest that lifestyle changes and prolonged near work activities may contribute to heightened eye strain. The findings provide information for screening programmes in school-aged children.