Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen implicated in various ocular infections. Its pathogenicity is largely due to a wide arsenal of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. This study discusses the surface proteins, toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and biofilm formation contributing to its virulence. The paper also explores diagnostic approaches, current treatment options including antibiotic eye drops, and the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Special focus is placed on key resistance genes such as ermA, ermB, icaA, LukS, and mecA. Awareness and control of antibiotic misuse are crucial in mitigating resistance trends.