Anemia is a physiological condition characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin levels or packed cell volume below normal. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the physiological impact of anemia on liver and kidney function and serum lipid levels in Salah al-Din Governorate, comparing the effects on both sexes. The study included 120 participants with anemia of both sexes. Packed cell volume (PCV), liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST), kidney function (urea and creatinine), and lipid profile levels (TC, TG, VLDL-c, HDL-c) were measured. The results showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in PCV values among anemic individuals, along with a significantly higher urea and creatinine levels compared to healthy individuals, confirming impaired kidney function. No significant differences were found in liver enzyme levels (ALT and AST). The results also revealed a significant difference in lipid levels between the sexes. Males with anemia showed a significant decrease in TC, TG, and VLDL-c levels, while females with anemia showed a significant increase in these values compared to the control groups. The study concludes that anemia leads to significant kidney stress and changes in lipid profiles with sex-specific responses.