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SAR Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Volume-7 | Issue-01
Original Research Article
Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potentials recorded during Visual Imagery with closed eyes in humans - Temporal association between electrical activation of retina and visual cortex
Dr. Aswin Kumar Mudunuru, Dr. Mohammed Numan Hyder
Published : Feb. 7, 2026
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjpn.2026.v07i01.004
Abstract
Background: Visual Imagery is one of the extensively studied properties of human mind. Few of the previous studies showed centrifugal modulation of retinal ERG during visual imagery and few others showed activation of different brain areas. In the present study simultaneous electrical activation of retina and visual cortex during visual imagery was recorded in the absence of light and the characteristics of the ERG and VEP waveforms were studied. Methods: Ten healthy right-handed volunteers in the age group 25-30 years were involved in a free imagination task. Flat EEG electrodes connected to skin surface near eyes and the scalp were used to acquire ERG and EEG. Using the LabChart pro v8.9.1 software the amplitudes and times of ERG, VEP, and b waves were calculated and presented as median values. Temporal association between the activation of left and right eyes and left eye and visual cortex was studied. Results: Pattern Reversal type VEP with amplitude of 21.79μV [IQR 15.44-28.06] from O2 and 19.99μV [IQR 15.68-29.97] from Oz were recorded from the scalp EEG. ERG, with amplitude 69.66μV [IQR 44.34-144.68] was predominantly recorded from left eye and b waves from right eye. ERG in left eye was followed by b waves in right eye by a time gap of 279.44±8.68ms mean value. VEP from O2 were observed to follow ERG from left eye with variable times. Conclusions: Analysis of retinal signals suggest possible photoreceptor and postsynaptic cell activation, probably Bipolar cells, during visual imagery. VEP recoding suggests that, after centrifugal retinal activation, free visual imagery follows the visual pathway to reach the cortex. Retina hence is considered as a two-way transducer.

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