This study conducted at the College of Applied Medical Sciences /University of Kerbala focused on isolating and diagnosing bacteria from urine and tonsil samples collected from 50 students. The participants consisted of 25 females and 25 males, with ages ranging from 18 to 32 years. The samples were obtained within the university premises between December 20th, 2022, and March 25th, 2023. Standard culture media, including MacConkey agar, Blood agar, and chocolate agar, were utilized for direct inoculation of the samples. The cultures were incubated at 37 C for 24-48 hrs. Additionally, Muller Hinton agar was used for the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (Kirby-Bauer Disc Technique). Manual biochemical tests, such as Gram stain, Oxidase, Catalase, Urease, Coagulase, Citrate, and Triple Sugar Iron (TSI), were carried out for bacterial identification. The bacteria isolates were identified according biochemical tests into, namely Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus pyogenes (4), Staphylococcus aureus (13), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Haemophilus influenzae (7), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4), Acinetobacter baumannii (1), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1), Streptococcus agalactiae (1), Enterococcus faecalis (1), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1).

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with complications. Its management entails lifestyle modification and drug treatment regimen to control the disease. The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in addition to orthodox medications is viewed by many patients as the way to achieve glycaemic control. The aim of the study was to determine the burden of complementary and alternative medicine use among diabetics at the Federal Medical Centre, (FMC), Makurdi, North Central Nigeria. The cross sectional study was conducted among 244 patients with type 2 diabetes 18 years and above through systematic random sampling method. The data was collected using a semi- structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23). The study found out that the mean age of the participants was 56.97 (+ 10.69) years. There were 144 females (59%) and 100 males (41%). Prevalence of the concurrent use of CAM and orthodox medicines among study participants was 40.2%. The study concluded that a significant proportion of patients receiving conventional treatment for diabetes also used CAM therapies. Thus, further research on the potential benefits and otherwise of CAM on treatment of diabetes in this environment is suggested to get a better insight into the role of CAM in diabetes management.

Background: Type 2 diabetic mellitus patients are more prone to suffering urinary tract infections (UTIs), a more common, severe and poor outcome problem. There has been a number of studies associating chronic renal disease and urinary tract infection (UTIs). objective: The patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (DN) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) are to be studied in a combination, and new biomarkers such as blood concentrations of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) and L-Fatty Acid Binding protein (L-FABP) are to be considered. Methods: The study we took was a case-control one. The 80 participants of the study were divided into two equal groups namely individuals with Type 2 diabetes and individual without DN. The size of every group was 40. Find out the concentrations of L-FABP and SLPI in the blood with the help of the ELIZA method. Urine samples of Karbala Governorate in Iraq were collected between October 2024 and January 2025 with an aim of testing the culture of the urine sample and measuring urinary parameters to access the standards of the urinary parameters of the sample in Karbala Governorate. Results: UTI was observed in 25 of diabetic and 37.5 of DN patients with no significant differences in renal functions tests in respect to UTI, with exception of Albuminuria and ACR. The level of LFABP was highly elevated in T2DM compared to DN with UTI. It was established that serum urea level showed a significant difference as per the type of the bacterial isolate with an E coli infection leading to a significant lower value of serum urea. Conclusion: The result of UTI can bring tremendous change between T2DM and DN in the level of Albumine in urine and ACR. Bacterial isolate may also influence Serum Urea level. UTI has an impact on the level of L-FABP in the serum.

Background: Urinary stone disease (USD) is among the ancient human known diseases that could be often complicated by pain and severe complications and numerous predisposing factors play a key role in initiation and development of stones. Objectives of Research: The present research examined several biological and clinical determinants that play a role in urinary stone disease (USD), with identifying the stone chemical composition, determining any corresponding bacterial infections, and molecular evaluating of some genetic predispositions of the (USD) patients. Methods and Materials: The current study was able to obtain samples of Hundred Stones, Blood, and Urine of (USD) patients in the AL-Hussein Educational Hospital and Safeer AL- Hussein Hospital in Karbala Province between October 2024 and March 2025; where these USD patients were aged between (18-79). Chemical compositions of kidney stones were analyzed using Biolabo- France kit, related bacterial infections were determined using ViteK test kit and Molecular analysis of the corresponding SNPs (rs1042636 of CaSR gene, rs219778 of CLDN14 gene, and rs10917002 of ALPL gene) in the present study was estimated using Allele Specific PCR and further DNA Sequencing was adopted to establish the relationship between stone types, bacterial infection and the genetic predisposing factors in (US). Results: Evaluating the prevalence of the kidney stones in (USD) patients greater prevalence was reported in the male (60%). And the chemical makeup showed the most Likely type of Stones were Calcium oxalate (40 percent), mixed Sat (31 percent) and last uric (27 percent). Only 33% of patients possessed the history of recurrences in the occurrence of stone formation, whereas diabetes and hypertension were observable in 31% and 23% of cases, respectively. Urine bacterial cultures showed that the majority of the stones (78 percent culture-negative) were of metabolic nature, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were more commonly noted in culture-positive ones and thus may have a contributory role in culture-related in-vivo urinary tract infection stones. Statistically, significant (p<0.001) relationship was determined between the type of bacteria and stone composition. Three (CaSR, CLDN14 and ALPL) of the key genes that were genotyped had a high prevalence of the AG genotype in CaSR (87%) and CLDN14 (97%). It was observed that a strong association (p<0.001), between the allele ALPL_C and certain types of stones, in particular calcium phosphate and mixed calcium-uric acid stones, was identified. DNA Sequencing of a small number of the PCR DNA products to analyze the Nitrogen bases of (rs1042636 of CaSR gene and rs219778 of CLDN14 gene) found perfect matches with already published sequences in NCBI Environment based on the Accession Numbers (ACCESSION PV871973) and (ACCESSION PV926278) respectively. This is in line with what the previous literature proposes that dysregulation of the production of ALPL which is a gene that participates in phosphate metabolism can predispose individuals to the occurrence of nephrolithiasis. Conclusions: the results confirm that the development of urinary stones is multifactorial, and it happens due to genetic variation, microbial effect, metabolic disorder, and demographic outcomes.

Background: Pediculosis considered permanent illness that infesting hair of man which caused by ectoparasite known as Pediculus humans capitis. Objectives: The present study was reported to estimate the incidence in Babylon and to clarify the main risk factors which related with spread of pediculosis among primary school students. Methods: This study was conducted during the period from October, 2023- Jun 2024 in Babylon province. From several primary school students aged (6-13 years),750 students (male and female) were examined for the presence of P. capitis. Results: The overall infestation rate with pediculosis among primary school students was (10%) (75/750) and was raised significantly in females (14.2 %) than in males (5.47 %). The highest infestation was (12.05%) among (10 -13) age group and lowest (7.7 %) in (6- 9) age group and there was a significant variation between two age groups p-value< 0.05. The results reveal to significant relationship between pediculosis infestation with some risk factors like as level of parent’s education, residency, economic status and crowded in the classrooms while the rate of infestation related with hair longevity of girl reported no significant change p-value>0.05. Conclusion: Present study showed high prevalent rate of pediculosis among students in primary school. The results revealed that rural areas, long hair, uneducated parent, economic status and overcrowding classroom were the risk factors for the increase of pediculosis infestation within primary school students.

Infertility being a challenge that many scholars and other individuals in reproductive field are trying to counter, many designs are usually applied in addressing it. And one of the most important is the laser in the 1980s and 1990s, lasers were employed to treat infertility. Laser irradiation was thought to enhance human sperm motility or make them slender and faster. The received semen was examined physically and morphologically immediately after rapid sample processing. The sperms were subjected to a laser having wavelength 532 nm and output 54 mW. The size of the ejaculate was 5.0 mL and above and the concentration of semen samples used was 20 x 10 3/mL and above. The acquired information shows that primary photo-acceptors are connected with respiratory chains and oxygen metabolism. It is important to consider that the standard procedure was less efficient than the activation using the diode laser because this laser light could not trigger the production of ATP on a comparable level and this had an optimizing effect on sperm motility. Therefore, the laser light was better at energising the sperm when compared to the other method. A comparison with other studies was done. We wanted to study infertility by enhancing sperm motility and to assess the possible advantages of the use of laser in making infertile people able to conceive.

Cutaneous myiasis is an infestation of the skin by fly larvae (diptera), which invade living or necrotic tissue. This condition occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical climates and most commonly affects people with immunosuppression. Therefore, our objective is for the reader to be able to recognize the clinical presentation of myiasis in a patient with immunosuppression who presented inguinal adenomegaly as a key sign of hematological neoplasia.