Biochemical parameters represent a key indicator of the physiological and pathological state of the body. Sometimes many of these biomarkers vary in demographic divisions—especially with age and sex—which can possibly alter its specificity and diagnosis interpretation. This present cross-sectional study is the second phase to assess selected hematological parameters such as WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH, RDW, PLT and MPV, serum albumin in 15–35 years old subjects. The participants were the referred patients for the routine hematological analysis in Imam Al-Sadiq Hospital. Statistical analysis: the data processed using descriptive and inferential statistics. They demonstrated minimally different values by age (p = 0.533) and gender (p = 0.027) for WBC (higher average in females). These findings draw attention to the need for the establishment of appropriate reference intervals for hematologic indices for diagnostic use that take demographic variables into account.

Background: Patients with lower extremity injuries or surgeries cannot perform basic everyday activities, such as going outside, walking, or running. Their consequent social isolation can result in various problems, including depression and metabolic syndrome. Anti-gravity treadmill training has been used in these patients, enhancing gait speed and endurance and improving quality of life. The authors performed a literature review to investigate published studies that reported the effectiveness of anti-gravity treadmill training in orthopedic patients with lower limb conditions. Methods: The following databases were searched until May 10, 2022: Pub Med, The Cochrane Library, Science Direct, PEDro, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar. Original articles of any design reporting on AlterG® anti-gravity treadmill in orthopedic patients with lower limb conditions were included. Information related to the study design, sample size, participants, control group, AlterG® therapy, and critical findings of the study were extracted. The appraisal checklist for studies devised by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results: Fifteen research articles (totaling 201 participants) were retrieved and included for qualitative analysis. The sample size ranged from 1 (case report) to 29, with years of publication from 2011 to 2022. Four of the 15 studies were conducted in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, Iran, Japan, China, Italy, Germany, Turkey, and Korea. Of the 15 studies included, most had a moderate to low risk of bias. Anti-gravity treadmill training was proven to be safe and beneficial for subjects with lower extremity fractures and those who underwent orthopedic surgery. Compared to those who received standard rehabilitation, these patients had more minor symptoms, a higher quality of life, significantly better gait, and reduced leg muscle atrophy. Conclusion: Anti-gravity treadmill training can assist patients with lower extremity injuries in walking upright by reducing biomechanical risks during neurological and orthopedic rehabilitation. It will help patients retrain their muscles, increase endurance, relearn how to walk, and improve their overall quality of life.

Successful thumb reconstruction necessitates specific conditions. Factors include sense, stability, length, mobility, posture, and pain-free function. Strength, attractiveness, and durability are also significant. Trauma is the primary cause of thumb reconstruction. The Littler flap, comprising neurovascular tissue, is a crucial procedure in thumb reconstruction, primarily employed to restore sensation to the thumb pulp post-repair, taken from the ulnar neurovascular bundle of the middle or ring finger.

Environmental studies have shown outstanding antibacterial properties of the Zingiber officinale. Ginger is antimicrobial in nature, and is known as scientifically belonging to Zingiber officinalis. It can be stated that its extracts, particularly ones containing a lot of gingerol and other chemicals, have been proven to be effective against multiple harmful pathogens. The findings support the possible application in ginger as a natural antibacterial as well as the historical uses in the treatment of bacterial diseases. The functional groups that reflect in the group recorded in the ginger powder samples on the entire mid-infrared range (4,000-650 cm -1) measured were =C -H, alkenes, C-F, alkyl halides, C=C, aromatic, and N-H, amide. Radical scavenging activities [Hydroxyl radical scavenging] of crude (methanolic extract), ethanol, hexane and water fractions of Zingiber officinale (ginger) compared with Mannitol (standard) were 126.95+3.97, 217.77+6.19, 149.01+4.73, 193.42+5.00, and 531.96+26.09 respectively. While recorded 31.05±1.07, 38.54±1.20, 30.45±1.18, 41.00±1.27 and 53.08±2.00 respectively comparison with Quercetin (standard). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) extracts on five microorganism: according to the type of extract (methanol, ethyl acetate fraction, ethanol fraction, comparison with standards AP-Ampicillin and CF-Cephalothin) recorded 18.00±0.38, 14.00±0.34, 23.00±0.41, 25.09±0.44 and 23.96±0.42 respectively for Klebsiella pneumoniae. While recorded 20.95±0.39, 16.00±0.35, 24.00±0.42, 27.08±0.47 and 25.00±0.43 respectively for Escherichia coli. At the same time record 23.00±0.41, 17.09±0.36, 22.00±0.40, 29.17±0.49 and 31.05±0.51 respectively for Streptococcus pyogenes. While recorded 17.09±0.38, 25.08±0.44, 20.81±0.39, 31.00±0.50 and 28.39±0.48 respectively for Staphylococcus aureus and recorded 19.65±0.40, 27.00±0.47, 30.07±0.50, 35.19±0.54 and 31.00±0.51 respectively for Bacillus subtilis.

This study conducted at the College of Applied Medical Sciences /University of Kerbala focused on isolating and diagnosing bacteria from urine and tonsil samples collected from 50 students. The participants consisted of 25 females and 25 males, with ages ranging from 18 to 32 years. The samples were obtained within the university premises between December 20th, 2022, and March 25th, 2023. Standard culture media, including MacConkey agar, Blood agar, and chocolate agar, were utilized for direct inoculation of the samples. The cultures were incubated at 37 C for 24-48 hrs. Additionally, Muller Hinton agar was used for the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (Kirby-Bauer Disc Technique). Manual biochemical tests, such as Gram stain, Oxidase, Catalase, Urease, Coagulase, Citrate, and Triple Sugar Iron (TSI), were carried out for bacterial identification. The bacteria isolates were identified according biochemical tests into, namely Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus pyogenes (4), Staphylococcus aureus (13), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Haemophilus influenzae (7), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4), Acinetobacter baumannii (1), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1), Streptococcus agalactiae (1), Enterococcus faecalis (1), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1).

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with complications. Its management entails lifestyle modification and drug treatment regimen to control the disease. The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in addition to orthodox medications is viewed by many patients as the way to achieve glycaemic control. The aim of the study was to determine the burden of complementary and alternative medicine use among diabetics at the Federal Medical Centre, (FMC), Makurdi, North Central Nigeria. The cross sectional study was conducted among 244 patients with type 2 diabetes 18 years and above through systematic random sampling method. The data was collected using a semi- structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23). The study found out that the mean age of the participants was 56.97 (+ 10.69) years. There were 144 females (59%) and 100 males (41%). Prevalence of the concurrent use of CAM and orthodox medicines among study participants was 40.2%. The study concluded that a significant proportion of patients receiving conventional treatment for diabetes also used CAM therapies. Thus, further research on the potential benefits and otherwise of CAM on treatment of diabetes in this environment is suggested to get a better insight into the role of CAM in diabetes management.

Background: Urinary stone disease (USD) is among the ancient human known diseases that could be often complicated by pain and severe complications and numerous predisposing factors play a key role in initiation and development of stones. Objectives of Research: The present research examined several biological and clinical determinants that play a role in urinary stone disease (USD), with identifying the stone chemical composition, determining any corresponding bacterial infections, and molecular evaluating of some genetic predispositions of the (USD) patients. Methods and Materials: The current study was able to obtain samples of Hundred Stones, Blood, and Urine of (USD) patients in the AL-Hussein Educational Hospital and Safeer AL- Hussein Hospital in Karbala Province between October 2024 and March 2025; where these USD patients were aged between (18-79). Chemical compositions of kidney stones were analyzed using Biolabo- France kit, related bacterial infections were determined using ViteK test kit and Molecular analysis of the corresponding SNPs (rs1042636 of CaSR gene, rs219778 of CLDN14 gene, and rs10917002 of ALPL gene) in the present study was estimated using Allele Specific PCR and further DNA Sequencing was adopted to establish the relationship between stone types, bacterial infection and the genetic predisposing factors in (US). Results: Evaluating the prevalence of the kidney stones in (USD) patients greater prevalence was reported in the male (60%). And the chemical makeup showed the most Likely type of Stones were Calcium oxalate (40 percent), mixed Sat (31 percent) and last uric (27 percent). Only 33% of patients possessed the history of recurrences in the occurrence of stone formation, whereas diabetes and hypertension were observable in 31% and 23% of cases, respectively. Urine bacterial cultures showed that the majority of the stones (78 percent culture-negative) were of metabolic nature, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were more commonly noted in culture-positive ones and thus may have a contributory role in culture-related in-vivo urinary tract infection stones. Statistically, significant (p<0.001) relationship was determined between the type of bacteria and stone composition. Three (CaSR, CLDN14 and ALPL) of the key genes that were genotyped had a high prevalence of the AG genotype in CaSR (87%) and CLDN14 (97%). It was observed that a strong association (p<0.001), between the allele ALPL_C and certain types of stones, in particular calcium phosphate and mixed calcium-uric acid stones, was identified. DNA Sequencing of a small number of the PCR DNA products to analyze the Nitrogen bases of (rs1042636 of CaSR gene and rs219778 of CLDN14 gene) found perfect matches with already published sequences in NCBI Environment based on the Accession Numbers (ACCESSION PV871973) and (ACCESSION PV926278) respectively. This is in line with what the previous literature proposes that dysregulation of the production of ALPL which is a gene that participates in phosphate metabolism can predispose individuals to the occurrence of nephrolithiasis. Conclusions: the results confirm that the development of urinary stones is multifactorial, and it happens due to genetic variation, microbial effect, metabolic disorder, and demographic outcomes.