Students' academic performance, in Internet era with increasing misuse of social media interfere with study habits. This study explored the effect of social media on academic performance among medical students, in three (3) River Nile State Universities in Northern Sudan. It was cross sectional study conducted on three hundred and eighty (380) medical students from April to October 2024. Participant’s students from Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University (EAEU) representing the largest portion (40.5%) Most students (63.4%) were aged (20 to 25) years with females comprising (57.1%) of participants. Nearly all students (96.6%) used social media primarily for non-academic purposes, and (58.9%) spent over four (4) hours daily on these non- academic sites. The majority reported that social media negatively impacted their academic Performance (62.4%) and affected their sleep (54.7%). About (75.8%) had implemented strategies to minimize social media effects on their academic and personal lives such as setting time limits or deleting certain applications.

Background: Peptic ulcer disease significantly impacts the healthcare system and remains a considerable cause of patient morbidity and mortality, leading to numerous psychosocial, emotional, and economic consequences. Gastrointestinal disorders significantly affect not only the health-related quality of life of those afflicted but also that of their relatives and families. Its onset at a young age disrupts a particularly active phase of human life. Objectives: This study aims to assess patients' awareness of lifestyle modifications for managing peptic ulcers. Methods: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based research study conducted among patients with peptic ulcer disease (N = 50). Participants were selected from individuals attending the referral clinic of Elmek Nimir University Hospital, as well as patients who were admitted. The selection was carried out through convenience sampling. Before implementing the program, patients' knowledge was assessed using a structured, standardized questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Version 22 and the Excel program. Results: This study indicated that fewer than half (44%) of the participants fell within the 31- to 40-year-old age range. Over half (58%) had gastric ulcers, and a similar proportion (58%) expressed satisfaction with the definitions and risk factors. Half (50%) reported having satisfactory knowledge regarding the causes, while the majority (70%) demonstrated a satisfactory understanding of the complications of peptic ulcer disease. Almost all (92%) participants used medication for treatment, and over half (60%) reported the ineffectiveness of the medication in stabilizing ulcers as a personal barrier to treatment. Additionally, more than half (56%) cited low socioeconomic status as a socio-cultural barrier. Conclusion: The awareness of factors that aggravate peptic ulcers varied among individuals in Shendi City. Our study revealed that most people understood relevant food types, Helicobacter pylori, analgesic medications, coffee intake, smoking, and social stress. In contrast, weather changes, genetic predispositions, and body weight were associated with poor awareness. Ultimately, these findings should be validated by additional research involving a larger sample from the general population across various regions of Sudan.

Father of the subject or a field is a title given to an individual who is known to have given the first new important contribution to that discipline either through invention, discovery or laying down foundational principle that makes them distinct. However, in recent era, it is observed that there is breach in this system and individuals are being blindly or wrongly being labelled to be father’s without having any evidence of innovations/discoveries/foundational principles in that subject. Few individuals, especially in medical field have bizarre reasons and criteria’s attributed to them, for being called Father of the field. This has led to raise in Pseudo-fathers globally and has undermined the contribution of the original Fathers of the subject who have done discoveries or innovations. Disappointingly, many of them who are being called father of the subject, especially in medical field, don’t even have any contribution to the subject, yet they are being propagated as Father’s by their followers or students or association members. This article briefly highlights on criteria’s that makes one the Father of the field and also the disturbing trends.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are recognized hotspots for the proliferation and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). As effluent discharge may introduce ARB into natural water ecosystems, assessing resistance patterns in these environments is critical to public and environmental health. This study aims to experimentally assess antibiotic resistance patterns in bacterial isolates from different stages of WWTP processes (influent, activated sludge, effluent), evaluating variations in resistance prevalence and identifying critical control points. Bacterial samples were collected across influent, biological treatment (activated sludge), and effluent from three municipal WWTPs. Standard microbiological culturing techniques were used to isolate representative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp.). Isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against a panel of antibiotics (e.g., ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, vancomycin) using disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, following CLSI guidelines. Resistance profiles were analyzed by stage and WWTP. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and ANOVA to compare resistance rates across treatment stages. A total of 450 isolates were tested. Resistance prevalence significantly declined from influent to effluent for most antibiotics. For example, figure 1 shows a bar chart of percent resistance by sample stage: ampicillin resistance dropped from 75 % (influent) to 30 % (effluent); ciprofloxacin from 60 % to 25 %. figure 2 presents a line graph showing cumulative multi-drug resistance (MDR) rates decreasing across treatment stages. However, some isolates from effluent remained resistant to multiple antibiotics, including tetracycline and vancomycin. Findings highlight that conventional WWTP processes reduce—but do not eliminate—ARB. Results support the need for targeted disinfection or advanced tertiary treatments to minimize environmental release of resistance. Data provide a baseline for policymakers and engineers to strengthen wastewater treatment standards and safeguard public health.

Acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis can be categorized into complicated and uncomplicated. The surgical treatment for complicated diverticulitis can be divided into the sigmoid resection with stoma formation (Hartmann’s procedure) or sigmoid resection with anastomosis, accompanied by a protective ileostomy. In instances where patients with complicated left-sided diverticulitis are hemodynamically unstable, damage control surgery is indicated. Laparoscopic lavage serves as a bridging procedure for complicated diverticulitis with purulent discharge or classified as Hinchy 3, aiming to stabilize the patient for subsequent definitive surgery. This review will examine the surgical treatment of complicated left-sided diverticulitis, focusing on sigmoid resection with stoma (Hartmann’s procedure) and colonic resection with anastomosis. Additionally, the role of laparoscopic lavage in the treatment of complicated diverticulitis with purulent discharge will be explored.

Background: Charcot joint, known as neuropathic arthropathy, is a disorder often associated with neurodegenerative disorders that lead to decreased pain sensation and proprioception, resulting in joint degeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS), primarily affecting the central nervous system, which may lead indirectly to the development of neuropathic arthropathy. Aim: was to provide an analysis of the imaging features of Charcot joint in patients with MS, through identifying patterns of joints involvement and bone pathology. Methods: A retrospective study conducted in al-Nasiriyah teaching hospital from 2022-2025 and included thirty MS patients with clinical suspicion of neuropathic arthropathy. Computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were reviewed to assess the extent of joint pathology and characterize distinct imaging finding. Results: A total of 30 patients where included, their age range of 34–55 years, radiological findings included osteophyte formation in 15 (50%), bone resorption in 9 (30%), and joint subluxation in 6 (20%) of patients, severe joint degeneration in 21 (70%) patients. CT shows joint space narrowing in 18 (60%) patients, verifying the essential need for joints assessment. Conclusion: The study highlights the important role of comprehensive imaging techniques in diagnosing neuropathic arthropathy in MS patients, as both MRI and CT as particularly valuable tools for early detection then planning of the treatment.

Background: Although contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging is the standard of reference for diagnosing tumour in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), high-resolution T2-weighted imaging may show more details of the seventh and eighth cranial nerve branches, resulting in more accurate tumour volume measurements. The Aim of Study: Was to evaluate the value of diagnostic accuracy of an unenhanced MR imaging protocol using unenhanced axial 3D constructive interference in steady state (CISS) in detection of small internal auditory canal lesions (IAC). Patients and Methods: cross-sectional study carried out over a period from April 2018 to February 2019 in the MRI department of Al-Imamain Al-Kadhemain medical city, included 38 patients (76 internal auditory canals), whom presentation with clinical features of (sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus or vertigo) with suspicion of IAC lesions, sent by specialist after clinical examination. All patients were examined with axial T1WI, axial T2WI, coronal FLAIR, axial 3D-CISS sequence for evaluate its accuracy in detecting abnormalities of the CPA, IAC and inner ear. Each sequence assessed carefully for detection of any lesion within IAC, inner ear and CPA cistern, the statistical analysis is assessed for the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Results: 38 patients (76 IACs /CPA cisterns) met the inclusion criteria, included 18 (47.4 %) patients with radiological evidence of IACs /CPA cistern lesions, 20 (52.6%) patients without lesions, considered as the control group which confirmed by IAC/CPA cistern routine sequences in addition to confirmation by 3D-CISS sequence. Thus 76 IACs are examined 18 with lesions, 58 IACs without significant pathology. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 3D CISS sequence and axial T2WI are estimated separately and both together. 9 lesions (50 %) found intracanalicular 4 fundal (22.2%) and 5 (27 %) within CPA cistern. The number of lesions in diseased group showing true positive results by 3D-CISS sequence were 17 (94.4 %) of detected lesions while one lesion (5.6%) showing false negative result by CISS sequence because it was arachnoid cyst not clearly identified. While the number of lesions in control group showing false positive results were 2 (10.0 %) due to volume averaging artifact, the true negative lesions were 18 (90.0 %), (P-value 0.0001). The number of lesions in diseased group showing true positive results by T2WI sequence were 15 (83.3%) of detected lesions while 3 lesions showing false negative result by T2WI sequence representing (16.7%). Whereas the number of lesions in control group showing false positive results were 4 (20.0%) due to artifact, the true negative lesions were 16 representing (80.0%) (P-value 0.0001). The Sensitivity of axial 3D-CISS sequence was (94.4%), specificity (90%) and accuracy (92.1%). The Sensitivity of axial T2WI sequence was (83.3%), specificity (80%) and accuracy (81.6%). Conclusion: 3D CISS sequence is supply high topographic resolution, with high contrast to noise ratio that highly beneficial for defining the exact location of the lesion and follow the vascular structures and nerves with clarity. It shows high sensitivity and specificity in detection of lesions of IACs and CPA cistern. Elderly patients and patients with allergy to gadolinium contrast agent can get benefit from using a 3D CISS sequence as screening and diagnostic tools and for follow up.