Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, and it is involved in a variety of physiological processes such as calcium homeostasis, immune functioning and regulation of cell proliferation. A recent study has also demonstrated its possible involvement in insulin sensitivity, a key biomarker involved in glucose metabolism and T2DM development. The biologically active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), acts on VDRs in various tissues including pancreatic beta cells and has an effect on insulin secretion and sensitivity. Given the widespread vitamin D deficiency in T2DM, the association between vitamin D supplementation and insulin sensitivity has been inconsistent across studies. Observational studies generally have found a direct association between them, but randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are more modest. This review critically analyzes mechanisms by which vitamin D may influence metabolic health, such as through inflammation, oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis. It also highlights public health interventions, including food fortification and selective supplementation programs to address vitamin D deficiency and enhance metabolic status.

Oedema is defined as accumulation of water in the extravascular cell, which is in the normal conditions, total body water should be regulate between intravascular and extravascular to maintain normal concentration and any dysfunction of these mechanisms lead to edema which occurred by different pathways, either excess fluid filtrations or inadequate drainage of interstitial tissues by lymphatic vessels. In other hand, when liquid accumulated in the tissues by retention or swelling in the feet or hands can lead to skin tight, feel heavy, pain joint. Recent studies refer to complications related to edema includes circulation of blood, clotting, obesity, liver and kidney disease in addition to heart injuries with the lymph nodules. The result include a comparison between some important biochemical changes between control and patients’ groups, data were collected from thirty patients and thirty healthy people, there was noticed in the study, no significant increase in the levels of AST and ALT while appeared significant increase in ALP in patients compared with control group, and no significant decrease in albumin in patients compared with control group, also there was no significant decrease in levels of Na+ and K+ while appeared significant decrease in Cl_ in patients compared with control group, finally there was no significant increase in glucose while appeared significant decrease in Hb in patients compared with control group.

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp is a legume tree species categorized as a versatile plant due to its multi uses in many areas including agro-forestry, agriculture, animal husbandry, and pharmaceuticals. This paper presents the results of research on the herbicidal and pesticidal efficacies of gliricidia plant. The data were compiled by searching papers covering the relevance subjects that have been published in English that can be accessed through Google search engine. There were 36 papers that met the inclusion criteria consisting of 11 papers revealed herbicidal properties, 6 papers reporting nematicidal properties, and 19 papers presenting insecticidal properties of plant extract or residues of G. sepium. In addition to reporting its efficacy, several articles have reported the existence of the type and nature (stability) of the phytochemicals contained in this plant extract. Overall, gliricidia plant is rich in phytochemicals which are toxic to various living organisms, from microbes, plants to animals. It was also revealed the physical and organoleptic properties of this plant extract remained stable in storages for 2-3 years. Thus, it can be concluded that G. sepium has the potential to be developed as a commercial herbicide and pesticide.

The importance of algae as a natural source of various bioactive compounds continues to grow due to their diverse biological activities. One of such compounds is n-hexadecanoic acid, more commonly known as palmitic acid; it is more lipidous than many algal species. It is one of the most common saturated fatty acids in nature. One can find it in algal, animal, and plant oils and is extracted from numerous natural sources. Its chemical and biological attributes enable its widespread use in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Numerous studies have found that palmitic acid is effective for fungal activities and does have pharmaceutical and environmental promising antioxidant capabilities.

This investigation examined the relationship between hepatocellular cancer and diabetes and obesity. Twenty-eight male rats at age 2-3months were used in this study, were divided into 5 groups: G1 control negative fed normal feed, G2 Fed concentrated feed till obesity, G3 STZ was given once at 70 mg/kg B.W for the induction of DM and fed normal feed and G4 STZ was given once at 70 mg/kg B.W for the induction of DM and fed concentrated feed. Blood was aspirated weekly for serum separation. The glucose and liver function tests were done at 0,3,6,12 weeks of the study. Livers were collected from rats at end of experiment for histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of GS expression in hepatocytes. The current results showed that glucose levels increase significantly (p≤0.05) in G3 and G4 as compared with control group, while G2 showed increase in glucose levels with the time advanced. The levels of both AST and ALT were increased significantly in G3 and G4 when compared with G1, while G2 showed increasing both parameters with days advancement. One rat from G2 showed HCC, while G3 showed that 3 animals were have HCC and G4 showed that 4 animals with HCC. These liver tumors histologically resembled human HCC in terms of portal invasion and severe nuclear and structural atypia. Groups of liver tumors all responded well to the recognized human HCC marker GS. In conclusion, the results of this research provide support to the hypothesis that diabetes and obesity both have a role in elevating the risk of HCC.

Due to the recent increase in bacterial resistance to most antibiotics, alternative solutions must be found to reduce infection. Therefore, many recent studies have focused on plant extracts to assess their antimicrobial potential. The objective of this study was to detect the active constituents in Origanum majorana and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. Origanum majorana is a medicinal herb rich in phytochemicals like thymol and carvacrol, traditionally used for treating respiratory and inflammatory conditions. Its essential oils have shown promising antibacterial effects in earlier studies. Plant leaves were collected, dried, and extracted using Soxhlet with ethanol, and active compounds were identified by GC-MS. Antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method against selected bacterial strains. The extract showed concentration-dependent inhibition, with the highest effect on Staphylococcus aureus (3.0 mm). Bioactive compounds such as Linalool, α-Terpineol, and n-Hexadecanoic acid were identified, supporting the plant's antimicrobial potential. These findings confirm that Origanum majorana possesses promising natural antibacterial activity, and suggest its potential as a source for developing alternative therapeutic agents.

Introduction: Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common clinical presentation with a wide range of causes, including infections, reactive processes, and malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the aetiopathological profile of cervical lymphadenopathy among patients at Dhaka Community Medical College Hospital. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of ENT and Head-Neck Surgery, Dhaka Community Medical College Hospital, from July 2024 to January 2025. A total of 79 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy were included. All underwent clinical evaluation, baseline investigations, and FNAC. Histopathological examination was performed in cases with inconclusive or suspicious FNAC results. Results: The majority of patients were in the 21–40 years age group (54.4%) and predominantly male (60.8%). Most were from urban areas (70.9%) and lower socioeconomic status (77.2%). FNAC identified tubercular lymphadenitis in 54.4%, metastatic lesions in 17.7%, and lymphoma in 6.3%, while 7.6% were false-negative. Histopathological confirmation revealed tuberculosis as the most common etiology (59.5%), followed by metastatic disease (17.7%), non-reactive lymphadenitis (11.4%), lymphoma (3.8%), necrotizing lymphadenitis (5.1%), and Castleman disease (2.5%). Conclusion: Tuberculosis remains the predominant cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in this setting. FNAC proves to be a reliable first-line diagnostic tool, though histopathological examination remains indispensable in complex or inconclusive cases. Early identification of etiology through a structured diagnostic approach is vital for appropriate management and improved patient outcomes.