The estimated prevalence of glaucoma is 2.65% in people above 40 years of age. It is estimated that there are more than 60 million cases of glaucoma worldwide, the glaucoma medications are often associated with ocular adverse reactions such as dry eye, and burning or stinging sensations, and foreign body sensation. This Prospective Interventional study was conducted at eye hospitals for a period of Oct 2023 to Feb 2025.This study to find the prevalence of glaucoma and other diseases in glaucoma with comparing the cost utilization of glaucoma management. the more prominent age group affected by glaucoma was between 60-69 years, the distribution of co-morbidity in glaucoma patients were DM among the patients was 23% patients and HTN was 26% patients, the pre-existing ocular surface diseases. Dry eyes were the mostly occurred ocular surface disease in 46% patients, followed by allergic conjunctivitis 22% patients, In group 1 patients. Here g.Latanoprost was most commonly prescribed in about 40% of patients followed by g.Bimatoprost 0.03% in 28% of patients, In group 2 patients. g.Brimonidine + Timolol was most commonly prescribed in 22% of patients followed by g.Bimatoprost 0.03% in 18% of patients and 15 compares the drug cost of both groups. The mean cost of group-1 was Rs.1037± 378.9 and group 2 was Rs.521.8 ±255.7. Compared to preserved eye drops, preservative free eye drops are significantly less associated with ocular symptoms and signs of irritation and also preservative free eye drops are slightly costlier than preserved eye drops.

This paper describes a practical method for extracting cholecalciferol from oil solutions followed by HPLC/MS analysis. This original analytical method was developed for small (less than 1 ml) volumes.

This work is devoted to the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals using MS detector connected to HPLC. A theoretical model for constructing a calibration curve for MS quantitative analysis using electrospray ionization has been developed. The model's practical applicability is illustrated with examples. The applicability of the proposed model was tested for both cations and anions. The influence of the composition of the mobile phase, which consisted of water-methanol solutions of three modifications, was considered: neutral, acidified with formic acid, and alkalized with ammonium hydroxide. The test results are summarized in tables. The practical application of quantitative MS analysis is demonstrated using the example of determining inositol in pharmaceutical products.

Trigonella foenum graecum has been traditionally claimed that seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum are useful in the management of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. In the present study, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of Trigonella foenum graecum hydroethanolic extract was evaluated. The physicochemical parameters were found to be within acceptable limits, while phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of Steroids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins and tannins. The prepared plant extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 18.64 μg/ml, compared to the standard IC50 of 5.40 μg/ml. Additionally, the plant extract exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity based on percent inhibition results. These findings suggest that Trigonella foenum graecum hydroethanolic extract hold considerable promise as an effective therapeutic agent with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, hydroethanolic extract of fenugreek seeds has significant anti‑inflammatory and anti‑oxidant activities which are due to the presence of its active chemical constitutes.

Background: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2 (CMT2) is a genetically heterogeneous hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by axonal degeneration. Diagnosis is established through a combination of clinical history, physical examination, electrophysiological studies, and genetic testing. Case Presentation: We report a case involving a 9-year-old female patient who presented with a two-year history of frequent falls and clumsy gait. Neurological examination revealed a high steppage gait, bilateral foot drop, pes cavus, absent ankle jerks, and impaired dorsiflexion and eversion of both feet. Romberg’s sign was positive. There was no involvement of proximal lower limbs, upper limbs, or sensory modalities. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography demonstrated severe axonal neuropathy confined to the distal lower extremities. Genetic analysis via a neuromuscular gene panel identified a novel de novo heterozygous variant (c.262A>C) in the MFN2 gene, consistent with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2A2A. Conclusion: This case highlights a rare de novo MFN2 mutation in a pediatric patient with CMT2A2A, underscoring the importance of early recognition and genetic testing in atypical presentations of hereditary neuropathies.

Substance use among youths is an increasing global challenge, particularly in urban areas of developing countries. Out-of-school youths are considered a highly vulnerable population due to their exposure to social, economic, and environmental risks. In Kano Metropolis, rising unemployment, peer influence, street life, and availability of psychoactive substances such as cannabis, tramadol, codeine mixtures, inhalants (e.g., solution, glue), and other locally prepared stimulants have contributed to increased experimentation and habitual use among this group. Being out of school reduces protective factors such as structured learning environments, adult supervision, and career prospects, placing youths at heightened risk of substance initiation and dependency. Understanding the determinants of substance use among this population is essential for developing effective prevention, rehabilitation, and policy strategies. The male out of school youths abuse drugs mainly to do something un-usual while females abuse drugs due to friend influence. Factors associated with drug abuse for males are mainly peer group influence and relapse while that for females are lack of parental support and family care among these predisposing factors are influences to start abusing, influences to continue abusing, influences to stop abusing and influences to relapse back to abusing drugs The continues/relapse factors for substance/drug abuse for males is mainly environmental influences, while for females is peer group influences. A population of 463 out of school youths were taken from eight local governments in Kano metropolis, 257 males and 206 females. The minimum age of the respondents were 18years and maximum age of the respondents were 29 years. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data using an adapted interview administered semi structured questionnaire, SPSS Version 24 was used to analyse the data.

Acalypha indica has long been valued in traditional medicine, yet its potential in managing obesity and diabetes remains inadequately explored. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic features and anti-obesity potential of Acalypha indica extracts obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction process was optimized using UAE to maximize the yield of bioactive constituents. Phytochemical profiling was conducted to assess total phenolic and flavonoid content. The anti-obesity activity was evaluated through in vitro pancreatic lipase and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition assays. Molecular docking and network pharmacology analyses revealed that key compounds such as Element, Anthraquinone, and Cholesterol interact with pivotal metabolic targets including NOS3, STAT3, and EGFR. The compound-target-pathway network illustrated a polypharmacological mode of action, where multiple bioactive synergistically regulate obesity-related pathways such as the Apelin signalling and progesterone- mediated oocyte maturation. Acalypha indica exhibits promising anti-obesity activity through dual enzyme inhibition and multi-target modulation of metabolic pathways. These findings support its therapeutic potential as a natural intervention in obesity management. Further in vivo and clinical validations are recommended to substantiate its efficacy and safety.