Multiple countries include cinnamon bark and essential oil in their pharmacopoeias whereas the substances also function as food additives alongside condiments and flavoring agents supporting their role as carminatives and antioxidants and preservatives. The “white lupin” Lupinus albus grows across a wide range of the Mediterranean area. The Mediterranean region constitutes the entire planting area of this species. Lupin seeds just like legume seeds possess significant amounts of protein and minerals and dietary fibre content. Around the world diabetes mellitus exists as one of the major health implications that produces a severe long-term complex metabolic condition. The medical condition of diabetes mellitus identifies hyperglycemia through its effects on metabolic disturbances that affect carbohydrates and proteins and fats. We will use GC-MS technique to analyze the metabolites present in the plant. Evaluation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Lupinus albus volatiles used GC-MS for separation and identification of their contents. The results showed that twenty individual volatile components were present trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Cyclohexane methylamine, Caryophyllene, 4-(1-Hydroxyethyl) benzaldehyde, naphthalene, cis, trans-1,5-Cyclodecadiene, Octahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indenol, 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde, coumarin, 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol, Terbenthene, alpha-Bisabolol for Cinnamomum zeylanicum. 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-hydroxy-5-propanamidobenzoic acid, 2-Methyloctan-3-one, beta-Myrcene, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl) propan-2-yloxy] oxane-3,4,5-triol, Heptane, 2,3-dimethyl-, 2,3-Dimethylheptane, cis-beta-Ocimene in Lupinus albus. Research suggests that Cinnamomum zeylanicum along with Lupinus albus display quality as potential hypoglycaemic agents.

The Apiaceae species Foeniculum vulgare exists as a well-established therapeutic plant which people frequently use to treat digestive problems, promote milk production, aid as a carminative and acts as a diuretic and respiratory treatment. This study employed gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method to identify different phytoconstituents present in Foeniculum vulgare methanolic extract. Standards-based analysis according to FT-IR scans the molecular bond interactions of both polymers and all other types of compounds with IR light. The analytical method detected specific absorption bands which existed in organic molecules. Management of bioactive compounds in Foeniculum vulgare was confirmed by the study at different spectral ranges after FT-IR analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic profile solid analysis of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Peak (Wave number cm-ˡ), Intensity, Corr. Intensity, Area, Corr. Area, Bond, Functional group assignment (669.30, 59.416, 3.865, 2.859, 0.176, C-Cl and alkyl halides), (684.73, 63.115, 0.860, 2.285, 0.038, C-Cl, and alkyl halides). (827.46, 74.505, 1.152, 2.387, 0.081, =C–H and Alkenes), (873.75, 72.300, 2.593, 2.555, 0.131, =C–H and Alkenes), (927.76, 69.360, 0.661, 4.511, 0.180, =C–H and Alkenes), (1010.70, 48.730, 0.709, 18.575, 0.677, C-F and alkyl halides), (1236.37, 79.328, 0.352, 2.182, 0.052, C-F and alkyl halides), (1313.52, 79.285, 1.798, 2.296, 0.008, C-F and alkyl halides), (1417.68, 73.681, 0.430, 2.204, 0.073, C=C and Aromatic), (1604.77, 77.448, 9.752, 2.817, 0.060, N-H and Amide), (2918.30, 81.850, 1.636, 2.468, 0.286, C-H and Alkane), (3269.34, 74.844, 0.747, 2.381, 0.034, N-H and Amide). GC-MS detected bioactive compounds 2-Hydroxytetrahydropyran, Pentan-2-One, 3-Carene, Acetic acid-1-13C, L-Fenchone, 2-Aminobicyclohexyl, 1-Methyl-2-methylene-4-isopropyl, L-histidine, (-)-Sabinene, 2-Methyl-1-undecanol, 2-Methyl-1-undecanol, (E)-Anethole, 4-Pentyloxy-2,3-dicyanophenyl, Pentane, 1,2-epoxy-2-methyl, 1,3,8-P-menthatriene, 16-Methylheptadecan-1-ol, Methyl oxophenylacetate, Trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, Diphenylmethanone, Fenchyl acetate.

This study evaluated the effects of consuming contaminated Clarias gariepinus fish on the haematological parameters of Wistar albino rats. Twenty- four adult male rats were randomly assigned to four groups I, II, III, IV (n = 6 per group). These rats were fed ad libitum for 90 days with a diet composed of wild Clarias gariepinus fish from the two different river bodies admixed with commercial rat pellet. Group I served as controls, while Group II rats ingested Clarias gariepinus fish from the polluted Nun river. Group III consumed fish from Otamiri river, while Group IV was fed 100g of polluted fish from Nun river along with 1mg of Vitamin C per 100g of body weight dissolved in drinking water. Results showed that group II rats exhibited a significant reduction in haemoglobin concentration (8.70 ± 0.26 g/dl) compared to Groups I, III, and IV rats (10.32 ± 0.41 g/dl, 10.28 ± 0.14 g/dl, and 12.96 ± 1.3 g/dl) respectively at P < 0.05. Haematocrit value was significantly reduced in Group II rats (43.17 ± 0.90 %) compared to groups I, III and IV (45.55 ± 0.37, 48.21 ± 2.3, 49.5 ± 1.9) % respectively at P < 0.05. Erythrocyte count significantly reduced in Group II rats (2.63 ± 0.70 × 106/µL) compared to groups I, III and IV (3.30 ± 0.20, 3.59 ± 0.36, and 5.75 ± 0.6 × 106/µL) respectively at P < 0.05. White Blood Count was markedly increased in group II rats (4.46 ± 0.15) compared to I, III and IV (3.54 ± 0.18, 3.90 ± 0.02, and 3.65 ± 0.03) respectively at P < 0.05. The lymphocyte and eosinophil counts in group II were significantly elevated (7.49 x 10 cells/mm3 and 1.5 x 0.24 x 10 cells/mm3) compared to groups I (3.35 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.5 x 10 cells/mm3), group III (3.6 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.6 x 10 cells/mm3) and group IV (4.23 x 10 cells/mm3 and 0.3 x 10 cells/mm3) at P <0.05. there were no significant differences in neutrophil, basophil and monocyte counts. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin values were also significantly increased in groups II, III and IV rats (88.7 ±0.15 and 29.8 ±0.41, 62.5 ±0.42 and 25.5 ±0.31, and 57.2 ±0.31 and 28.5 ±0.40) mm3 to group I rats (41.3 ±0.28 and 21.1 ±0.60) mm3 at P < 0.05. However, there was a significant rise in the mean corpuscular volume of group II rats compared to groups III and IV at P < 0.05. Conversely, the mean cell hemoglobin concentration was elevated in group I rats (26.4 ±1.2 mm3) compared to experimental groups II, III and IV respectively (21.4 ± 0.87, 22.9 ± 0.94 and 23.7 ± 0.70) mm3. This study probably indicates that some haematological parameters are adversely affected among rats exposed to cadmium and iron polluted African catfish from a Southern Nigeria River.

The α- Amylase inhibitory activity and Ferric reducing power of Plumeria pudica Flowers [1]. It have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and expectorant. Flowers of Plumeria pudica have been traditionally used to treat Fever, rheumatism, Skin conditions like acne, eczema, and dermatitis, respiratory problems like bronchitis, asthma, and coughs [2]. The Plumeria pudica (commonly known as white frangipani or bridal bouquet) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, which is native tropical America. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemicals in plants, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and saponins. Phytochemical investigation is a systematic study of the chemical constituents present in plants, including their identification, isolation, characterization, and quantification. Amylase is a type of enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starches and other complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin. It plays a crucial role in the digestive process, particularly in humans, where it initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth and continues its action in the small intestine. Through the mentioned review of literature we understood about Plumeria pudica flower's phytochemicals and pharmacological activities. The articles include tests and methods to α amylase inhibitory activity of Plumeria pudica flowers. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) is used to measure the antioxidant capacity of flower.

Background: One of the main factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in the world's population is diabetes mellitus. The primary symptoms of this condition are hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, which is followed by polydipsia and polyuria. Damage to the retina, loss of kidney function, and nerve damage are examples of subsequent consequences. Moreover, diabetes mellitus will accelerate the development of cardiovascular disease. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Also known as Eclipta prostrata Roxb.) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is commonly known as false daisy in English and bhringoraj or bhringraj in Bangladesh and India. It is regarded as a weed of ethnomedicinal significance. Pharmacological activities of plant extracts and individual phytoconstituents have revealed anticancer, hepatoprotective, snake venom neutralizing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the antidiabetic activity of Eclipta alba leaf flavonoid through in-silico molecular docking. Method: Aldose reductase was chosen as the target proteins in the current investigation. The bond was found using the Auto Dock software using a grid-based docking method. Compounds' 2D structures were generated, converted to 3D, and subsequently energetically lowered up to an arms gradient of 0.01 using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). Result: Flavonoids of E.alba found to be effective anti-diabetic component and effectively binds to be target protein Aldose reductase with binding energy -8.96, -6.02 & -5.86 kcalmol-1 for apigenin, syringic acid & vanillic acid respectively. Conclusion: The finding of the in-silico molecular docking showed that both lead compound is effective binds & inhibitory action on target protein. The molecular docking of ligands like apigenin, syringic acid & vanillic acid with Aldose reductase receptor revealed that it has exhibited the chemical interaction with the amino acids in the active pockets.

The numerical modelling of structural compounds made up of two or more interacting molecules is known as molecular docking. Predicting the desired three-dimensional structure is the aim of molecular docking. Software for molecular docking is mostly utilised in drug development. Easy access to structural databases and molecules have become crucial mechanisms. Molecular docking is a potent computer technique that is essential for structural biology, drug development, and bio-molecular interaction research, giving a comprehensive understanding of its significance in contemporary scientific research. Predicting how a small molecule, frequently a possible drug, would interact with a target biomolecule, such as DNA or a protein, is known as molecular docking. In order to help find novel drug candidates, improve already-existing molecules, and comprehend the complex interactions between medications and receptors, this procedure looks at the ligand's energetic and spatial compatibility with the receptor's active site. Because it predicts how well two molecules will bind after docking and identifies the optimal places for molecules to occupy when linked together, molecular docking is a crucial step in the drug development process.

Objectives: This study aimed to discover the Saudi community pharmacist's contribution to the transmission of prescription information by analyzing the relationship between two variables: the pharmacist's patient-centeredness and competence. This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2024. Using a 14-item self-report questionnaire that had been previously tested and validated Data were collected using an online questionnaire. Convenience sampling method of 400 respondents was targeted; 233 valid questionnaires were returned, representing an effective response rate of 58.2%. To test the study’s hypotheses, path analysis with structural equation modeling (Amos 24) was applied. Regarding the 233 pharmacists in the study, the Chi-square test for the model fit hypothesis showed statistically significant results: χ (74) = 145.2, P < 0.001). The model accurately represented the data, as evidenced in the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value of 0.027, PCI. The latent variables involved in the model were immediately evident to be both positively and strongly correlated. The associations among the latent as well as observable variables were all statistically significant. The model fit will be substantially and adversely affected by the removal of any latent variable. In the SEM, PAT was the main independent variable. PAT applied a significant direct positive influence on INF. (β = 0.88, P = 0.002). PAT demonstrated a significant direct impact on COM. (β = 0.93, P = 0.001), PAT exerted a substantial indirect influence on COM through the mediation by INF. The study reveals that pharmacists with patient-centered attitudes are more effective in delivering essential pharmacological information, especially in terms of over-the-counter medications, highlighting the critical role of Saudi community pharmacists in providing this type of medication.