Background: While WhatsApp groups can be a tool to extend antenatal communication out of the clinic, regular digital contact does not necessarily indicate satisfaction or clinical efficacy. Objective: To describe the engagement patterns, verbalised experiences, perceived usefulness, supportive exchanges and challenges in a WhatsApp antenatal group linked to a hospital. Methods: This is a qualitative descriptive study where data was obtained through secondary analysis of textual data from the official Antenatal Support Group of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, from 4th August 2022 to 25th August 2023. There were 679 unique sender labels in the corpus, and 12,409 messages. Relevance filtering and data cleaning resulted in 4,286 substantive messages being managed and analysed within NVivo by a multidisciplinary team using the six-phase thematic approach of Braun and Clarke. Message counts were not considered prevalence estimates for the participants, but descriptive features of the corpus. Results: Seven themes emerged: "visible engagement," "expressed appreciation and perceived usefulness," "access to antenatal information," "emotional reassurance," "peer learning," "linkage with facility-based care," and "challenges with platforms. The workbook included 339 messages that had to do with satisfaction, with 186 unique sender labels. These were indicators of text satisfaction rather than verified text satisfaction scores. No change in anxiety, attendance, or maternal outcomes were found in the data. Conclusion: The message corpus indicates that the moderated WhatsApp group could be a valuable auxiliary communication, reassurance and peer interaction channel during pregnancy. Further research is needed with validated measures and clinical outcomes to infer effectiveness.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB), a highly specialized and selective interface, is essential for preserving the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) but also presents a significant barrier to the efficient administration of medications for neurological conditions. The BBB limits the passage of most therapeutic drugs due to its tight junctions, efflux transporters, and regulated permeability. As a result, there are few therapy choices for ailments including brain tumors, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and other CNS-related disorders. Conventional drug delivery methods, such as altering pharmaceuticals chemically and using intrusive administration. Drug delivery technologies based on nanotechnology have been a viable way to get over BBB-related restrictions in recent years. This paper offers a thorough summary of methods for improving drug transport across the blood-brain barrier that are mediated by nanoparticles. The structural features, BBB penetration mechanisms, and therapeutic applications of a variety of nanocarrier systems—including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles, and biomimetic carriers like exosomes—are examined. Receptor-mediated transcytosis, surface modification techniques, and biomimetic designs that enhance targeting effectiveness and biocompatibility are given particular attention. Furthermore, the review highlights key applications of nanoparticle-based systems in the management of major neurological disorders while critically addressing existing safety concerns, translational challenges, and regulatory limitations. Overall, this article underscores the potential of nanocarrier-based platforms to revolutionize CNS drug delivery and emphasizes future perspectives aimed at improving clinical translation and therapeutic outcome.

Background: Chlorpyrifos (CF) is the most extensively used organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Due to its widespread use in agriculture, residues of CF have been found in food crops and environmental samples such as air, leading to concern for potential risks to living beings. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the protective roles of propolis versus vitamin E against chlorpyrifos-induced reproductive toxicity and oxidative stress in male rats. Methods: A total of thirty-two adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 8): control, chlorpyrifos-treated (6.7 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos + propolis (50 mg/kg) and chlorpyrifos + vitamin E (100 mg/kg). Treatments were given orally over six weeks. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were assessed. Testicular tissue was also examined histopathologically. Results: Chlorpyrifos exposure significantly reduced the serum LH and FSH levels, and markedly depleted GSH in comparison with the control group. Histopathological examination showed degenerative changes in the testicular tissue, loss of germ cells, and disrupted spermatogenesis. Propolis or vitamin E treatment restored normal testicular histological architecture, significantly increased antioxidant status, and maintained near-normal gonadotropin levels. However, the serum testosterone levels were not significantly affected within the experimental groups. Conclusion: Chlorpyrifos-induced reproductive toxicity appears to be associated with oxidative stress and endocrine dysregulation. Propolis and vitamin E mitigated the adverse effects of exposure by enhancing antioxidant defenses and maintaining testicular architecture and hormone homeostasis.

Background: One of the major global health problem and oxidative stress has an important role in its pathogenesis is kidney injury. Researchers showing that chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) contain high levels of antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and bioactive compounds that can works as nephroprotective agents. The aim of this study to evaluation of the protective effect of chia seed extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male tats. Methods: A total of forty male Wistar rats (200–250g) were assigned to five groups (n = 8). Group 1 (Control); Group 2 (Gentamicin, 100 mg/kg); Group 3 (Gentamicin + Low-dose chia extract,)200 mg/kg); Group 4 Gentamicin + Medium-dose chia extract,) 400 mg/kg) and Group 5 Gentamicin + High-dose-chia-extract,)600 mg kg [24]. Oral administration of treatments was done for 10 days. Biochemical parameters serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid also antioxidant markers (SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA) were determined. Results: An administration of gentamicin proved significantly higher serum creatinine (2.45±0.28 mg/dL), BUN (68.34±5.12 mg/dL), and uric acid levels compared to controls (p< 0·001). The treatment with Chia extract was associated to a significant improvement in all these parameters, being more evident for the high-dose group (creatinine: 1.23±0.18 mg/dL; BUN: 35.67±3.89 mg/dL). Chia-treated groups showed strong restoration of activities of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), compared to untreated counterparts, in association with decreased MDA levels. Conclusion: Chia seed extract protected the kidney from gentamicin-induced renal injury via antioxidant mechanisms and preservation of renal function. This result indicates the possible therapeutic usage of chia seeds in preventing drug-induced nephrotoxicity.

The estimated prevalence of glaucoma is 2.65% in people above 40 years of age. It is estimated that there are more than 60 million cases of glaucoma worldwide, the glaucoma medications are often associated with ocular adverse reactions such as dry eye, and burning or stinging sensations, and foreign body sensation. This Prospective Interventional study was conducted at eye hospitals for a period of Oct 2023 to Feb 2025.This study to find the prevalence of glaucoma and other diseases in glaucoma with comparing the cost utilization of glaucoma management. the more prominent age group affected by glaucoma was between 60-69 years, the distribution of co-morbidity in glaucoma patients were DM among the patients was 23% patients and HTN was 26% patients, the pre-existing ocular surface diseases. Dry eyes were the mostly occurred ocular surface disease in 46% patients, followed by allergic conjunctivitis 22% patients, In group 1 patients. Here g.Latanoprost was most commonly prescribed in about 40% of patients followed by g.Bimatoprost 0.03% in 28% of patients, In group 2 patients. g.Brimonidine + Timolol was most commonly prescribed in 22% of patients followed by g.Bimatoprost 0.03% in 18% of patients and 15 compares the drug cost of both groups. The mean cost of group-1 was Rs.1037± 378.9 and group 2 was Rs.521.8 ±255.7. Compared to preserved eye drops, preservative free eye drops are significantly less associated with ocular symptoms and signs of irritation and also preservative free eye drops are slightly costlier than preserved eye drops.

This paper describes a practical method for extracting cholecalciferol from oil solutions followed by HPLC/MS analysis. This original analytical method was developed for small (less than 1 ml) volumes.

This work is devoted to the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals using MS detector connected to HPLC. A theoretical model for constructing a calibration curve for MS quantitative analysis using electrospray ionization has been developed. The model's practical applicability is illustrated with examples. The applicability of the proposed model was tested for both cations and anions. The influence of the composition of the mobile phase, which consisted of water-methanol solutions of three modifications, was considered: neutral, acidified with formic acid, and alkalized with ammonium hydroxide. The test results are summarized in tables. The practical application of quantitative MS analysis is demonstrated using the example of determining inositol in pharmaceutical products.