The vertebral column begins at the occipital bone and concludes with the coccyx, collectively forming the structure referred to as the Ṣulb, or spine. The vertebrae are relatively small in size and extend from the cervical region down to the coccyx, with the spinal cord being distinct from the brain. The cervical vertebrae are essential for facilitating a range of movements while maintaining stability, and their cavities are designed to be spacious, allowing the spinal cord to reside within them comfortably. The vertebrae have a distinctive thorn-like form, with each featuring two foramina located on its right and left sides. From each foramen, two processes extend; one connects to the upper vertebral foramen, while the other connects to the lower vertebral foramen. The closure of these foramina has enhanced stability and strength within the vertebral structure. Each vertebra is characterized by three analogous processes: one that extends upward and two that project laterally. A vertebra typically features four processes, with two located on the right and two on the left of the foramen. The processes serve the essential function of establishing articular connection between adjacent vertebrae, utilizing the cavities of some processes and the condyloid projections of others. They also provide protection, support, and resistance to impact, as well as facilitate the attachment of ligaments. The structures located at the posterior aspect of the vertebrae are referred to as spinous processes, while those situated laterally on the right and left are known as transverse processes. These processes serve to safeguard the nerves, blood vessels, and muscles that are situated deeper within the body along its length. The spinal cord's gradual reduction in thickness from top to bottom mirrors natural patterns found in rivers and trees, allowing for the emergence of nerve pairs from the intervertebral foramen. The cervical region comprises five cervical vertebrae, each characterized by four processes that extend both upward and downward. The twelve vertebrae of the spine are arranged such that each joint produces two upwardly extending processes, while two additional processes descend into corresponding pits that interlock with adjacent vertebrae. The research aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the complex anatomical framework of the vertebral column, as described by various esteemed scholars and notable philosophers from both Greek and Arab civilizations.

Background: The vaginal microbiota consists primarily of Lactobacillus species, which help maintain microbial balance through acid production and antimicrobial activity. The disruption of balance causes vaginal dysbiosis and infection. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the association of vaginal infection with the distribution of Lactobacillus species, vaginal pH, and antimicrobial activity. Methods: The study was designed as a case-control study. A total of 100 subjects, including 50 healthy subjects and 50 infected subjects, were included. Vaginal swabs were collected to assess pH, microbial isolation, and identification using the standard microbiology technique. The antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus isolates was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique and peroxide production was assessed qualitatively. Chi-square test and independent t-test were used for the statistical analysis of the results. Results: The isolation of Lactobacillus was 90% in healthy women and 40% in infected women, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Infected women had increased vaginal pH (5.6 ± 0.5) as compared to healthy women (4.3 ± 0.3) (p < 0.001). Lactobacillus crispatus was the most frequent in healthy women and Lactobacillus iners was the most frequent in infected women. Pathogenic organisms, especially Gardnerella vaginalis, were statistically significantly more common in the infected group. The isolates taken from healthy women had the highest hydrogen peroxide production and antimicrobial activity. Conclusions: An increase in vaginal pH, a decrease in antimicrobial defenses, and overgrowth of pathogens are associated with the loss of functionally active Lactobacillus species. Composition and functional capacity are critical factors in determining vaginal health.

The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of a low-intensity aerobic fitness program on the chosen physiological and biochemical markers of kidney activity, the parameters of physical fitness in physically active elderly men of 55 60 years. A one-group pretest- posttest design was used as the experimental method. The sample was chosen as 12 physically active elderly men, who were carefully chosen out of elderly population of Misan Governorate in Iraq. The training had a duration of 12 weeks and it had four sessions in a week. It was composed of walking workouts, stationary bicycle, and bodyweight trainings whereby intensity and duration were increased gradually. Physiological measurements were done in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Measures of physical fitness included cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance and body mass index (BMI). The findings showed statistically significant differences in the post-test measures in favor of most variables, which means that the training program is effective in improving the functioning of kidney and blood pressure regulation as well as physical fitness in general. The research suggests the implementation of such low-intensity aerobic exercises programs as one of the safe and effective preventive measures aimed at maintaining physiological health among older adults.

Background: Ruxolitinib is a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with demonstrated success in treating MF intermediate to high-risk patients, although the implications for low-risk disease classes are not yet established. Objective: To evaluate the effect of ruxolitinib on spleen size reduction and symptom burden in patients with low- and intermediate-1 risk primary myelofibrosis, and to analysis the relationship between baseline hematologic parameters and treatment response. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 30 patients diagnosed with primary myelofibrosis who were treated at the Hematology consultant/Merjan teaching hospital between January and August 2025. Patients were classified according International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). Ruxolitinib treatment was initiated at doses of 15–20 mg twice per day and therapeutic response was assessed after a minimum of six months. The main outcomes studied were reduction in spleen size (%) (estimated by ultrasound measuring the longest axis) and alterations in the Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form Total Symptom Score (MPN-SAF TSS). Statistical evaluations were performed using Jamovi version 2.6.44, establishing significance at p < 0.05. Results: Among the 30 patients, 14 (46.7%) were classified as low-risk, while 16 (53.3%) were considered in the intermediate-1 risk category. The median baseline spleen sizes recorded were 20 cm for the low-risk group and 18.5 cm for the intermediate-1 group. After treatment, the median reduction in spleen size was 17.9% in low-risk compared to 15.4% in intermediate-1 group (p = 0.16). Moreover, an average decrease in the MPN-SAF TSS was 71.7% in the low-risk group as well as 66.4% in the intermediate-1 group (p = 0.52). There were no significant correlations in these data between initial hematologic parameters and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Ruxolitinib therapy resulted in reduction of splenic size and symptom severity for patients with lower-risk myelofibrosis (MF). However, the variations observed between different International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) categories were not statistically significant. These results underscore the possible advantages of initiating ruxolitinib therapy earlier for symptomatic low-risk MF patients and point to the necessity for larger prospective studies to confirm these findings.

Background: The Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT) has dominated oncological science over the course of many decades representing cancer as a more primitively cell-autonomous pathology, as a consequence of the accumulation of somatic genetic changes. The heterogeneity, dormancy and treatment resistance that is so eminent in breast carcinoma often goes unnoticed by this view. Objective: The current review will attempt to amalgamate modern evidence supporting the Tissue Organisation Field Theory (TOFT), especially the histophysiological reprogramming of breast cancer cells in the microenvironment in which they can be found. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted on the following leading databases - Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and high-impact studies published between 2010 and 2026 were prioritised. Results: The current use of empirical evidence places breast cancer progression as a breakdown of the organisation of tissues as opposed to as opposed to a genetic breakdown. Recent spatial proteomic studies (2025) prove that the increase in proteomic heterogeneity in line with tumour progression, regardless of prevailing underlying genomic mutations, is due to the non-steady interplay between malignant epithelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the immune microenvironment. Conclusion: Diverting analytical attention toward the solitary cancer cell, more wholesome information about malignancy is obtained by cultivating an alternate perspective that analyses the tissue field. Targeted therapeutic interventions to achieve microenvironmental normalisation and restoration of tissue architecture can be a promising potential solution to treatment resistance and achieve long-term clinical benefit.

Obesity is one of the most common and complex chronic conditions encountered in primary care. Its management extends beyond diet and exercise and requires sensitive communication, multidisciplinary collaboration, and system-level support. Drawing on clinical experience in a Canadian primary care setting, this article discusses practical strategies for obesity management, the role of Primary Care Networks (PCNs), challenges related to medication coverage, and approaches to addressing obesity with patients while minimizing stigma.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) remains one of the most severe and costly complications of diabetes mellitus, and contributes to infection, amputation, and mortality on a large scale globally. This review performs an update reviewing the literature about epidemiology and principal risk factors for development of DFU. Recent global data indicate that the DFU affects ~6% of those who have diabetes, while prevalence in different areas of the world is quite variable because of disparities in access to care, social conditions and impediments to preventive care. DFU is a multifactorial disease that stems from the interactions among peripheral neuropathy, PAD, biomechanical abnormalities, metabolic disorder and wound healing defects. In the extant literature, multiple risk factors for DFU are once again described, including duration of diabetes, male sex, age older than 45-50 years, poor glycemic control, hypertension or metabolic syndrome abnormality [1], obesity overweight [3], and central fat accumulation with elevated waist: hip-ratio anorexia nervosa defined as related to a BMI less than 17.5 but also as a low volume intake such us reaching an initial idea more important rectal bleeding and syndromes following cerebrovascular accident Structural foot deformities history of ulceration or amputation current diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) unsatisfactory footwear inappropriate podiatric care. Behavioral and environmental factors such as wearing unsuitable shoes, low health literacy, and living in rural areas further add to vulnerability in several populations. Awareness of these common trends and predictors is essential to trigger improved preventive measures, help in risk stratification, and guide evidence-based clinical decisions. In the context of summarizing new evidence, this article reinforces the ongoing requirement for early screening, organized foot programs, and select interventions to diminish the devastating effects of DFU and its sequelae.