Azo dyes are really good at helping us detect heavy metal ions in a way. We have made a lot of progress in making Azo dyes in a natural way and using tiny particles, which is called nanotechnology. This has led to the creation of Nano-azo dye products that're easier to use and give faster results. The main points of this review talk about how we can make Nano-azo dyes using things like plant extracts and natural solvents and how we can use techniques like microwaves and sound waves to save energy. Nano-azo dyes are very good at finding metals like iron, copper and lead because they have a big surface area and can be adjusted to work well with light. This is very important. Even though we have gotten some results there are still some problems to solve like making sure the Nano-azo dyes are stable and do not get confused by other ions and finding a way to make them on a big scale so we can use them commercially. We need to make the sensors stronger and find ways to use them with tiny materials and we want to use them to monitor the environment and help people’s health. Using Nano-azo dyes that are made in a way is a great idea for the future because it will help us detect heavy metal ions in a way that is good, for the planet, efficient and affordable.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer among men globally. Medicinal plants have emerged as a promising source of anticancer compounds. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the methanol extract from the Iraqi plant Cordia myxa as an anti-prostate cancer cell agent. Methodology: Fresh Cordia myxa leaves were collected and a methanolic extract was prepared. Phytochemical screening was performed on the extract. The MTT assay and calculation of IC50 values were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of the Cordia myxa methanolic extract on human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3). Acridine Orange staining, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry assays were also employed to identify the induction of apoptosis. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. The Cordia myxa methanolic extract exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity against PC3 cells, with increased exposure time leading to enhanced cytotoxic effects. The findings also demonstrated that the treated prostate cancer cells underwent apoptosis. Flow cytometry confirmed that Cordia myxa extract induced significant apoptosis (48.2%) in human PC3 cells. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Cordia myxa was observed to exert potent anticancer activity against prostate cancer cells, primarily through the induction of apoptosis. These findings represent a crucial step towards understanding the therapeutic potential of Cordia myxa as a natural treatment for prostate cancer, thereby paving the way for the development of novel, more effective, and less toxic therapies.

Based on the influence of estrogen deficiency, inflammatory markers related to heart remodeling were determined and corresponding telomere lengths compared with those in the chemically induced ovarian failure model (4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)) in female rats. Estrogen deficiency induces cardiovascular dysfunction by increased inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular senescence. Adult female albino rats were used in both groups: (a) controls (untreated) and VCD-treated (undergoing ovarian failure). Blood and cardiac tissue were obtained 6–8 weeks after 15 days of VCD (80 mg/kg) intraperitoneal administration to induce ovarian failure for biochemical, molecular and histopathological analyses. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as telomere length, using quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, oxidative stress markers were assessed and the expression of estrogen receptor genes were investigated. The results demonstrated a high and significant decrease in serum estrogen levels (indicating ovarian failure) in the sera of the VCD-treated group, which was confirmed by increased serum levels of IL-6 and CRP only. The length of telomeres was significantly reduced in cardiac tissues, which prompted to an enhanced cellular senescence. In addition, levels of oxidative stress were achieved higher due to elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels followed by reduced glutathione and nitric oxide. Histopathological examination showed signs of degeneration, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in the myocardium. In conclusion, estrogen deficiency-related cardiac remodeling involves a complex web of pathways (such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and telomere shortening) that can be integrated into molecular targets indicating their feasibility to serve as potential predictive biomarkers for cardiovascular disease.

Anemia is a physiological condition characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin levels or packed cell volume below normal. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the physiological impact of anemia on liver and kidney function and serum lipid levels in Salah al-Din Governorate, comparing the effects on both sexes. The study included 120 participants with anemia of both sexes. Packed cell volume (PCV), liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST), kidney function (urea and creatinine), and lipid profile levels (TC, TG, VLDL-c, HDL-c) were measured. The results showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in PCV values among anemic individuals, along with a significantly higher urea and creatinine levels compared to healthy individuals, confirming impaired kidney function. No significant differences were found in liver enzyme levels (ALT and AST). The results also revealed a significant difference in lipid levels between the sexes. Males with anemia showed a significant decrease in TC, TG, and VLDL-c levels, while females with anemia showed a significant increase in these values compared to the control groups. The study concludes that anemia leads to significant kidney stress and changes in lipid profiles with sex-specific responses.

Background: Etoposide is a popular chemotherapeutic agent that causes a massive oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity effect in male patients. Objective: Examined the protective properties of cinnamon alcoholic extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) to etoposide-induced testicular damage in male Wistar rats. Methodology: Forty adult male rats were randomly separated into four groups namely control, cinnamon extract, etoposide extract, and etoposide extract combined with cinnamon extract. The parameters of the hormones studied were testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testicular tissue histology, and molecular evidence of oxidative stress. Results: Findings revealed that cinnamon extract had an important ameliorative effect against etoposide induced hormonal imbalances, maintained testicular histoarchitecture, mitigated oxidative stress indicators as well as augmented antioxidant enzyme functions. Such findings imply cinnamon alcoholic extract has strong antioxidant and protective effect on chemotherapy-induced reproductive toxicity, and can be used as a potential therapy to preserve male fertility during cancer therapy. Conclusion: The alcoholic extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) offers great protection against the etoposide induced testicular damage in the male Wistar rats through intensive antioxidant action. These results propose cinnamon extract as a promising, safe adjuvant treatment in preserving male fertility in cases of chemotherapy.

Malnutrition is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on hemodialysis, increasing morbidity and mortality. Limited data exist regarding the nutritional status of Sudanese hemodialysis patients. To assess protein–energy malnutrition (PEM/PEW) in hemodialysis patients at Kassala Kidney Center using biochemical and anthropometric markers. This case-control study included 140 participants (70 hemodialysis patients, 70 healthy controls). Blood samples were analyzed for albumin, total protein, hemoglobin, calcium, creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.16, with independent t-tests; P<0.05 was considered significant. Hemodialysis patients had significantly lower BMI, albumin, total protein, hemoglobin, and calcium compared to controls (P<0.0001), while urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium were significantly elevated (P<0.0001). Based on BMI and albumin, 40% of patients were malnourished. Albumin correlated positively with BMI (r=0.707, P<0.0001) and hemoglobin (r=0.561, P<0.0001). Malnutrition is prevalent among Sudanese hemodialysis patients. Routine nutritional assessment, dietary counseling, and monitoring of biochemical markers are essential to improve patient outcomes.

Background: Medicine plants, have become one of the most used and most important resources for treating high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. Their usage has increased tremendously in the contemporary period due to many factors as economic viability, easy accessibility, rapid effect, and last but not least minimal, side effects. Aim: This study aimed to access the effect of Saponin extract from Ziziphus Sapina Christi on hyperlipidemic male rats. Methods: In this study, thirty-six sexually mature male rats were used and divided into different groups: the C1 group was fed with normal feed containing1.5% fat; the C2 group was fed with normal feed containing no fat and infused with 50 mg/kg saponin extract; the C3 group was fed with normal feed containing no fat and infused with 100 mg/kg saponin extract; C4 group was fed with normal feed that contains 1.5% fat and 50 mg/kg saponin extract, the C5 group was given normal feed that contains 1.5% fat and 100 mg/kg saponin extract. The C6 group was assigned as a control group that was receiving which received a typical forage without fats. Collection of blood samples were done after four weeks and eight weeks, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the C1 group exhibited a significant increase in the means of Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and a significant decrease in the level of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) as compared to the control and other groups. Results: the study results show a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and LDL, with a significant rise in HDL in groups C2 to C5 as compared to the control and C1 groups; and these values decreased progressively with increasing dose duration, the more decrease being at the end of the dose period of eight weeks and the least being seen at the end of the dose period of four weeks. However, the study results indicated that the dose of 100 mg/kg of saponin extract for eight weeks was more effective at reducing the above parameters. Conclusions: This study reveals that saponin extracts from leaves of ziziphus sapina christi, indicated reduction of lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats and the concentration of extract used and dosing duration exerted a greater influence in the reduction of the above conditions in fat-diet-fed rats.