Malnutrition is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on hemodialysis, increasing morbidity and mortality. Limited data exist regarding the nutritional status of Sudanese hemodialysis patients. To assess protein–energy malnutrition (PEM/PEW) in hemodialysis patients at Kassala Kidney Center using biochemical and anthropometric markers. This case-control study included 140 participants (70 hemodialysis patients, 70 healthy controls). Blood samples were analyzed for albumin, total protein, hemoglobin, calcium, creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.16, with independent t-tests; P<0.05 was considered significant. Hemodialysis patients had significantly lower BMI, albumin, total protein, hemoglobin, and calcium compared to controls (P<0.0001), while urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium were significantly elevated (P<0.0001). Based on BMI and albumin, 40% of patients were malnourished. Albumin correlated positively with BMI (r=0.707, P<0.0001) and hemoglobin (r=0.561, P<0.0001). Malnutrition is prevalent among Sudanese hemodialysis patients. Routine nutritional assessment, dietary counseling, and monitoring of biochemical markers are essential to improve patient outcomes.

The research work presented in my thesis consists of Design & Development of Benzimidazole Derivatives for Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Benzimidazole derivatives have been shown to have wide variety of pharmacological activities like Anti helminthic, Anti-inflammatory Diabetes, Cancer. The effective synthesis and detailed characterization of series of thiazolidinedione derivatives using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (HRMS). The synthesis was carried out by a multi-step synthetic process that began with starting material Benzimidazole. A combination of spectroscopic methods was used to characterize the synthesized Benzimidazole derivatives. IR spectroscopy gave crucial information on the functional groups present in the compounds, allowing the Benzimidazole-one core structure to be confirmed as well as the presence of additional substituents. The structural connectivity and stereochemistry of derivatives were determined using NMR spectroscopy (1H). Molecular docking studies were carried out to assess the binding affinities of the synthesized Benzimidazole derivatives to inflammation such as Cyclin dependent kinase 1/2/4/6, PPAR- Ƴ and 15-PGDH, tubulin. When compared to the co-crystallized ligand, the selected four compounds showed highest binding energy. This indicates that they have the potential to be effective inhibitors of these biomarkers. For the Biological activity (anti-inflammatory) performed at results showed that Compound 2- (6-bromo-1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) acetic acid showed better anti-inflammatory activity (protein denaturation method). Compound A (6-chloro-1-ethyl- 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) acetic acid, B 2-(6-bromo-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) acetic acid & C (6-chloro-1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) acetic acid showed lowest anti- inflammatory activity when compared to positive control.

Oxidative stress can be also frequently associated with male infertility, particularly oligospermia, and disrupts the sperm motility through lipid peroxidation. The research question in this study was the in vitro responses of phenolic-rich oat (Avena sativa) extract, which contained avenanthramides, against sperm parameters and malondialdehyde (MDA) of the semen samples of oligospermic men. Oat seeds have been extracted with 80% ethanol, dried, and subsequently combined again in deionized water in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10mg/ml. The phenolic compounds have been detected with the help of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Each of these concentrations had been incubated with semen on 1 hour at 37 C compared to saline controls over 10 healthy oligospermic donors (less than 15million sperm per milliliter, according to WHO specifications). We examined sperm concentration, progressive motility, sluggish motility and dead sperm using Neubauer Chamber and light microscope. The levels of MDA were measured by spectrophotometry. Phenolics eugenol and isoeugenol were important in GC-MS. No significant differences in sperm parameters with concentrations were however detected (p = 0.948 to 0.987). However, at 8mg/mL, MDA levels declined dramatically (p = 0.002) as compared to controls and other groups. These findings have shown that 8 mg/mL oat extract reduces oxidative destruction of the semen without affecting the sperm kinematics to the detriment of the oligospermia symptoms, which makes it promising as a natural antioxidant instead of curing the effects of oligospermia. Further experiments on living organisms should be done.

This study's goal was to determine the amount of total chlorophyll and its protein content by subjecting aquatic plants Lemina minor to different levels of Copper [10, 20, and 30 mg/L] for a month. This was done in order to assess how these salt concentrations affected the plants' physiological states. As the study came to a close, the components' quantities in the water plants used for the analysis increased differently than in the control sample, according to the investigation's findings. We looked at the protein and chlorophyll concentrations of water plants that were subjected to heavy metals

Lead (Pb) is a pervasive environmental neurotoxicant that causes neurodegeneration through oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. This study evaluated apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in the brain striatum of mice exposed to Pb and treated with aqueous extract of Diospyros mespiliformis. Twenty-five male mice were divided into five groups. All groups, except the control (Group 1) received Pb (50 mg/kg) and were subsequently treated with D. mespiliformis extract (200 mg/kg b.wt (Group 3), 400 mg/kg (Group 4) or vitamin E (100 mg/kg, Group 5), while Group 2 mice received 50mg/kg b.wt of Pb only. At the end of 28 days exposure and treatment, brain striatum was obtained, homogenized and used for biochemical assays which includes Caspase -3, DNA fragmentation, Tumor necrosis factor – α, myeloperoxidase, total protein, reduced glutathione and protein thiol in the laboratory following standard operating methods. Results indicated that exposure to Pb causes significant decreased (p < 0.05) in levels of caspase – 3, nitric oxide and percentage DNA fragmentation and an elevation (p < 0.05) in levels of TNF – α, reduced glutathione, protein thiol and activity of myeloperoxidase. Treatment with aqueous extract of D. mesipiliformis elevated the levels of caspase – 3 and reduced the levels of protein thiol reduced glutathione and myeloperoxidase activity. Together, these findings suggest that D. mespiliformis exerts neuroprotective effects which is comparable to vitamin E a potent antioxidant through anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. D. mesipiliformis may also have potential as a natural intervention for heavy metal–induced neurodegeneration.

In recent years, the herbal medicines have been extensively used in various diseases because of their safety profile. Helminthic infections are the most common infection in human beings affecting a large Proportion of the world's population. Anthelmintic drugs are the drugs. Which are used to kill or reduce the number of helminthic parasites in the intestinal tract or Tissues of the body. Moringa oleifera belonging to the moringaceae family is a highly valued Plant, distributed in many countries of the tropical and subtropical. The standard drugs such as piperazine citrate, albendazole mebendazole and thiabendazole possess some side effects Such as nausea, vomiting, stomach and abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and temporary Hair loss etc. But the herbal drug shows fewer side effects. The plant which shows muscle Relaxant property may also shows antihelminthic activity. So we have selected Moringa Oleifera which is an herbal drug and shows muscle relaxant property. Hence the present study was undertaken for phytochemical evaluation and to test the antihelminthic activity of Methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed. Preliminary phytochemical investigation indicates the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates and tannins. Indian Adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to study antihelminthic activity. Various concentrations of extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendezol(20mg/ml) was used as a reference standard and distilled water as a Control group [1].

One of the important advancement in pharmaceutical technology that attempts to improve the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic interventions is smart drug delivery systems. To distribute medications in a regulated, focused, and flexible way, these systems combine cutting-edge materials, microelectronics, and responsive mechanisms. The aim to increase patient compliance, reduce side effects, and maximize therapeutic results is what motivates the development of intelligent drug delivery systems. These innovative delivery methods make use of a variety of drug carriers, such as monoclonal antibodies, microspheres, dendrimers, liposomes, lipoproteins, and nanoparticle systems like inorganic nanoparticles (such as magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots). It is critically examined how smart drug delivery technologies might transform personalized medicine and enhance therapeutic approaches. This study examines current developments in smart drug delivery, emphasizing important technologies as stimuli-responsive delivery platforms, polymeric systems, and carriers based on nanoparticles. The methods of drug release, including pH-sensitive, temperature-sensitive, and physiologically triggered systems, are highlighted. Furthermore, the incorporation of feedback mechanisms and real-time monitoring is examined, demonstrating how these systems can modify drug release rates in reaction to physiological shifts. Through clever and flexible drug delivery options, this review seeks to give a thorough overview of cutting-edge technology and their implications for improving healthcare.