Abstract: Milk has long been recognized globally as a vital and comprehensive source of nutrition. However, heavy metals and metalloids in milk have become a significant global concern. These metalloids, originating from the soil due to natural geological processes and various human activities, are transferred into animal feed and accumulate in milk through bio transfer processes. These contaminants enter the food chain through the bio-transfer process from soil to feed and milk. The primary metalloids of concern include arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). This study examines the levels of heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and fat and protein content in milk and dairy products, alongside assessing their potential health risks. It compares the findings to international safety and quality standards. Furthermore, it evaluates the possible health effects of consuming these products, particularly for vulnerable groups. The study aims to ensure milk and dairy products' safety, quality, and nutritional value while minimizing health risks.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune condition that impacts the joints, featuring a gradual and symmetrical inflammation in the affected joints. This inflammation leads to the destruction of cartilage, erosion of bone, and eventual disability. The objective of this study is to assess the VDR SNP (rs7975232) and its potential correlation with fatty acid synthase (FAS) and IL-17A in Iraqi patients diagnosed with RA. In this study, demographic characteristics were analyzed for 90 subjects, comprising 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 45 control subjects. The results revealed statistically significant increases in total cholesterol and LDL in the study group (p-values < 0.0001 and < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, HDL exhibited a significant decrease (p-value < 0.001), while TG and VLDL showed non-significant differences (p-values 0.1 and 0.09, respectively). The study further concludes a notable disparity in the levels of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme, with the patient group (0.93 ± 0.53) demonstrating a higher level compared to the control group (0.74 ± 0.45) (p-value: 0.001). Additionally, the study identified a significant difference in the levels of IL-17A (pg/ml) between patients (166 ± 13) and the control group (87 ± 5) (p-value: 0.001), with the patient group exhibiting higher IL-17A levels. In conclusion, assessing both FAS and IL-17A may serve as a valuable method for the characterization and monitoring of subjects with RA.

Novel heterogeneous catalysts development advances sustainable organic synthesis through performance enhancements and reduced environmental impact and recyclable catalyst systems. We developed biocompatible catalysts from natural and biodegradable materials for improving organic transformation capacities. Scientists developed sulfonated magnetic natural cellulose fibers for durable and eco-friendly usage as a solid acid catalyst before extensive characterization. The novel material showed its catalytic function in testing two multi-component reactions that generated biologically important heterocyclic scaffolds through bis(indolyl)methane formation as well as 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative production. The reactions finished within short periods to yield products effectively under environmentally friendly conditions. The catalyst showed exceptional stability since an external magnet efficiently recovered it following multiple cycles where no activity decrease was observed allowing continuous usage for organic synthesis operations.

This study focuses on the synthesis of Imidazole-4-one derivatives (F11–F15) through the reaction of three equivalents of the amino acid alanine with one equivalent of Schiff bases. The structural confirmation of the synthesized compounds was carried out using various physical and spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, and elemental analysis. Additionally, melting point measurements and purity assessments were performed, while the reaction progress was monitored using Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC). The laser activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated using a helium-neon laser in the visible spectrum, with exposure durations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds, and the resulting physical changes were analyzed. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the prepared compounds was tested against two bacterial isolates: Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). Standard antibiotics—amoxicillin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin—served as reference controls. Moreover, molecular docking studies were conducted on selected compounds (F12 and F13) to assess their interaction with E. coli using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software (2009).

Background: Malaria parasitemia is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito. It continues to be a major public health concern worldwide, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of protein, red cell and platelet indices in patients infected with malaria parasitaemia in Owerri, Imo state. Method: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at federal university teaching hospital (FUTH) Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. A total of hundred (100) individuals were enrolled in the study: 50 patients of ages 15years and above, who consented to be part of the research, and fifty (50) age-matched apparently healthy subjects who served as the controls. Blood Samples were collected aseptically, and were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Results: The mean values of MCV (77.12±6.62)fl, MCH (24.46±3.15)pg, MCHC (28.83±1.25)g/dl, PLT(126.08±36.8)x109/L, MPV(7.82±0.95)fl, PCT/(0.13±0.12)%, PDW/(10.79±0.76)%, and total protein (5.54±0.46)g/dl were significantly reduced in subjects with malaria parasitaemia when compared to the healthy controls (89.92±5.06)fl, (30.43±1.73)pg, (33.22±1.61)g/dl,(33.22±1.61) x 109/L,(236.10±48.73)fl, (10.33±1.71)%, (0.23±0.01)%, (7.78±0.83)g/dl, (p =0.000, p= 0.000, p=0.000, p=0.001, p=0.000, p=0.001, p=0.000, p=0.000, while there was no significant difference in the mean value of RDW 13.38±2.13(g/dl) in subjects with malaria parasitaemia when compared to the healthy controls (13.91±1.28)g/dl (p = 0.309). Conclusion: This study has shown that malaria parasitaemia alters the levels of MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, MPV, PCT, PDW and Total protein, but has no effect on RDW. Therefore, total protein, red cell and platelet indices should be considered in the clinical assessment of patients with suspected or confirmed malaria parasitemia.

Multi-component reactions (MCRs), one of the most powerful approaches to synthesizing complex structures from the fastest path, have grabbed much attention and have recently been used to functionalize the surface of nanomaterials. Here, we focus on an isocyanide-based multi- component reaction for one-pot functionalization of the graphene oxide surface. This led to α- hydroxy amide decorated graphene oxide with the ability to immobilize Gold nanoparticles and serve as a neoteric catalytic system. This nanocatalyst was characterized by means of SEM, TEM, ICP-OES, FTIR, XRD, Raman, and BET techniques. This employed multifunctional nanostructure as an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous aerobic catalyst for the oxidation of primary and secondary aliphatic and aromatic alcohols to their aldehydes and ketones in water at mild temperature in good to excellent yields. Further, this method showed that recycling of heterogeneous catalysts has a high possibility of being re-used with their performances as it was new with no sign of gold leaching.

Zainacin Dadin duniya is known for its antioxidant and liver-protecting properties. This research assesses the phytochemical characteristics and impact of Zainacin Dadin Duniya water extract on growth and hematological factors in Wister rats with acetaminophen-induced liver damage. 60 female and 30 male rats were divided into five groups with each group consisting of 18 rats selected randomly. Group 1 received saline, group 2 received a liver medicine, group 3 received acetaminophen, group 4 received a daily dose of aqueous extract at 500 mg/kg, and group 5 received a daily dose of aqueous extract at 500 mg/kg along with 3 ml/day of acetaminophen, all administered for 28 days. The animals were weighed before and following the experiment. The hematological parameters were determined, including packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red blood Cell (RBC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), and White Blood Cell (WBC). Findings indicated that the extract contains a considerable quantity of phytochemicals. Findings indicated a notable weight gain (P<0.05) in Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 and weight reduction in Group 3. In Group 3, there was a significant decrease in erythrocyte counts (4.29%), packed cell volume (33.00%), and hemoglobin (6.17%) values, while there was an increase in leukocyte (9.62%) and Mean Cell Volume (54.33%) values compared to the other groups. The presence of acetaminophen in the treatment given to Group 3 rats could lead to a decline in their growth performance and trigger adverse reactions in their blood parameters, potentially impacting their overall development. The segment may act as a strong remedy for acetaminophen-induced hepatocytes by blocking those reactive oxygen species.