Lead (Pb) is a pervasive environmental neurotoxicant that causes neurodegeneration through oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. This study evaluated apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in the brain striatum of mice exposed to Pb and treated with aqueous extract of Diospyros mespiliformis. Twenty-five male mice were divided into five groups. All groups, except the control (Group 1) received Pb (50 mg/kg) and were subsequently treated with D. mespiliformis extract (200 mg/kg b.wt (Group 3), 400 mg/kg (Group 4) or vitamin E (100 mg/kg, Group 5), while Group 2 mice received 50mg/kg b.wt of Pb only. At the end of 28 days exposure and treatment, brain striatum was obtained, homogenized and used for biochemical assays which includes Caspase -3, DNA fragmentation, Tumor necrosis factor – α, myeloperoxidase, total protein, reduced glutathione and protein thiol in the laboratory following standard operating methods. Results indicated that exposure to Pb causes significant decreased (p < 0.05) in levels of caspase – 3, nitric oxide and percentage DNA fragmentation and an elevation (p < 0.05) in levels of TNF – α, reduced glutathione, protein thiol and activity of myeloperoxidase. Treatment with aqueous extract of D. mesipiliformis elevated the levels of caspase – 3 and reduced the levels of protein thiol reduced glutathione and myeloperoxidase activity. Together, these findings suggest that D. mespiliformis exerts neuroprotective effects which is comparable to vitamin E a potent antioxidant through anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. D. mesipiliformis may also have potential as a natural intervention for heavy metal–induced neurodegeneration.

One of the important advancement in pharmaceutical technology that attempts to improve the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic interventions is smart drug delivery systems. To distribute medications in a regulated, focused, and flexible way, these systems combine cutting-edge materials, microelectronics, and responsive mechanisms. The aim to increase patient compliance, reduce side effects, and maximize therapeutic results is what motivates the development of intelligent drug delivery systems. These innovative delivery methods make use of a variety of drug carriers, such as monoclonal antibodies, microspheres, dendrimers, liposomes, lipoproteins, and nanoparticle systems like inorganic nanoparticles (such as magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots). It is critically examined how smart drug delivery technologies might transform personalized medicine and enhance therapeutic approaches. This study examines current developments in smart drug delivery, emphasizing important technologies as stimuli-responsive delivery platforms, polymeric systems, and carriers based on nanoparticles. The methods of drug release, including pH-sensitive, temperature-sensitive, and physiologically triggered systems, are highlighted. Furthermore, the incorporation of feedback mechanisms and real-time monitoring is examined, demonstrating how these systems can modify drug release rates in reaction to physiological shifts. Through clever and flexible drug delivery options, this review seeks to give a thorough overview of cutting-edge technology and their implications for improving healthcare.

With increasing the human population and the advent of a machine-driven lifestyle, the use of modern technologies has created multiple ways to make human life easier. Among these, people are seeking to produce and consume food through various methods that minimize waste and pollution while ensuring safer and more convenient food production. One of these innovative solutions is the use of 3D printers in modern food technology and packaging production, which can significantly reduce pollution and waste. Initially, the focus will be on edible inks, their characteristics, and how 3D printers work with edible inks and extrusion. Then, the feasibility of essential components of food, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for 3D printing of food products will be discussed. Finally, the article will cover the production of food packaging and its various types using 3D printers. 3D printers represent advanced technology that has recently entered the food industry and food packaging. Also, this technology is particularly useful in the packaging sector. The aim of this paper is to enhance familiarity with the use of 3D printers in food packaging and food technology.

In recent years, the herbal medicines have been extensively used in various diseases because of their safety profile. Helminthic infections are the most common infection in human beings affecting a large Proportion of the world's population. Anthelmintic drugs are the drugs. Which are used to kill or reduce the number of helminthic parasites in the intestinal tract or Tissues of the body. Moringa oleifera belonging to the moringaceae family is a highly valued Plant, distributed in many countries of the tropical and subtropical. The standard drugs such as piperazine citrate, albendazole mebendazole and thiabendazole possess some side effects Such as nausea, vomiting, stomach and abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and temporary Hair loss etc. But the herbal drug shows fewer side effects. The plant which shows muscle Relaxant property may also shows antihelminthic activity. So we have selected Moringa Oleifera which is an herbal drug and shows muscle relaxant property. Hence the present study was undertaken for phytochemical evaluation and to test the antihelminthic activity of Methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed. Preliminary phytochemical investigation indicates the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates and tannins. Indian Adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to study antihelminthic activity. Various concentrations of extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendezol(20mg/ml) was used as a reference standard and distilled water as a Control group [1].

This study's goal was to determine the amount of total chlorophyll and its protein content by subjecting aquatic plants Lemina minor to different levels of cadmium [10, 20, and 30 mg/L] for a month. This was done in order to assess how these salt concentrations affected the plants' physiological states. As the study came to a close, the components' quantities in the water plants used for the analysis increased differently than in the control sample, according to the investigation's findings. We looked at the protein and chlorophyll concentrations of water plants that were subjected to heavy metals.

One of the plants that have antioxidant properties is known as Fenugreek with a scientific name of Trigonella foenum-graecum. This can be attributed to polyphenol content of the herb which consists of: flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. Culturally fenugreek is used in traditional medicine because it has antioxidant properties that are applied in the treatment of blood sugar and cholesterol levels. A small market was taken to get the fresh seeds of Trigonella (foenum grecum). A diluted alcohol was applied to remove the sediment or traces of water as 10 grams of powdered seed was soaked in 80 percent alcohol. The so obtained filtrate was filtered through Whatmann filter paper No. 41 taking 2 grams of sodium sulphate. Phthalate -D 4, Methyl D-glucopyranoside; M ethyl, 2-Furanmethanol, a-ethyl, 3-O-Methyl-d -glucose, Adenine arabinoside, 1-Aziridineethanamine, 4-Tridecyne, palmitic acid, Pentanal, 2-methyl, gamma -Tocopherol, Piperid In singlet oxygen scavenging, the antioxidant activity was the following; crude (methanolic extract)- 53.18±4.39, ethyl acetate- 53.18±4.39, ethanol- 53.18±4.39, hexane fraction- 53.18±4.39, water fraction- 53.18±4.39, and Lipoic acid (standard)- 53.18±4.39. In superoxide radical scavenging, the antioxidant activity was 19.60±1.01, 23.76±1.30, 26.36±1.39, 21.46±1.07, 29.31±1.42, and 39.82±2.07. The antifungal activity of methanolic crude extract and ethanol fraction was compared to the standard and found to be bioactive natural component. The concentrations of itraconazole and flucytosine in the Fenugreek seeds extract (Trigonella graecum) against Penicillium digitatum were; 22.78±0.32, 16.88±0.26, 32.08±0.58 and 26.00±0.53 respectively and against Penicillium italicum 12.27±0.20, 13.97±0.21, 30.05 Against the Tricophyton rubrum, the antifungal activity came to be 11.05±0.17, 17.63±0.26, 23.13±0.28 and 28.89±0.41. Recorded 10.00l±0.14, 08.65l±0.10, 34.00l±0.59 and 29.16l±0.54 respectively against Microsporum Canis.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an effective tool in organic chemistry and pharmaceutical studies for separating volatile chemicals by gas chromatography and identifying them by mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns. Among its many applications are API quantification, quality control, impurity identification, and screening for unknown compounds in complex biological samples and medication formulations. For thorough examination in the pharmaceutical sector, GC-MS is an essential instrument since it gives both quantitative (quantity) and qualitative (identification) data. The analytical technique known as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) integrates the concepts of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The name gives it away: it's a hybrid approach to chemical mixture analysis that combines two separate methods. For testing samples taken from the environment, it is among the most reliable instruments. When working with complicated mixtures, GC-MS is useful for both qualitative and quantitative component identification and measurement. Metabolites that are volatile after derivatization, have a low boiling point, or have low polarity can be analyzed using GC/MS, the most advanced chromatography mass spectrometry coupling method. A few examples of where GC-MS has found use are in forensics (drug detection, explosives, fire, etc.), academia, astrochemistry, and the identification of previously unidentified samples. Materials that were believed to have decomposed irretrievably can now have their trace elements identified. When it comes to detecting and determining organic compounds, GC-MS is an essential and complementary tool in many field research, as seen in a few examples of its use. For the purpose of determining fuel composition, quality, and impurity identification, gas chromatography (GC) is widely utilized in the energy and fuel sectors for the analysis of volatile chemicals in petroleum products. Some of the many uses include keeping an eye on petrochemicals and natural gas, checking the purity of fuel, finding out how many octane numbers a given fuel has, assessing biogas, and helping with research and quality control for different hydrocarbon-based fuels. Modern gas chromatography (GC) methods, like high-temperature GC (HTGC) and multidimensional GC (GC×GC), enhance its applicability to molecules with higher boiling points and more intricate fuel matrices, and when coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it offers precise molecular identification.