Technology and engineering science of cognitive neuro science are today in the path of newer scientific ingenuity and divination. Cognitive neuroscience today stands in the middle of deep scientific fortitude and forbearance. The author is a schizophrenic patient since 1993. Long years of agony and pain passed away since 1993. Today after COVID 19, he is suffering from numerous illness and glaucoma in his both eyes. Today medical science has no answers towards the treatment and cure of schizophrenia. Glaucoma in one’s eyes are also untreatable. Cognitive neuroscience has a larger vision towards a better tomorrow. The author in this article deeply stresses on the interface of treatment of schizophrenia and cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience and the science of psychology and psychiatry are interlinked with each other. This article is a deep message towards all the sufferers of this untreatable illness. Surely a newer dawn of human civilization will emerge if doctors, physicians and scientists across the world takes effective steps in the invention of newer and effective medicines of the ailment of schizophrenia.

This study aimed to examine the impact of thyroidectomy on the process of fracture healing. A total of sixteen adult male rabbits of the local breed were utilized. The animals were segregated into two equivalent groups, namely the control group and the treatment group. The animals were administered atropine sulfate (1mg /Kg B.W) intramuscularly as a premedication. Ten minutes later, a combination of xylazine hydrochloride (20mg /Kg B.W) and Ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg /Kg B.W) was administered intramuscularly. The control group had the induction of a mid-shaft femoral fracture, followed by fixation with intramedullary pinning. In the treated group, the identical treatment mentioned above, which involved thyroidectomy, was performed. The clinical examination showed that the inflammatory symptoms, such as swelling, discomfort, and increased temperature in the surgical site, were more severe in the control group compared to the treated group. The indications vanished during a span of four to five days in the treatment group and five to six days in the control group. The histological analysis showed that the control group had a greater presence of granulation tissues, trabecular bone, and compact bone compared to the treated group. Ultimately, it was seen that the fracture healing process was more advanced in the control group compared to the treated group.

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antineoplastic agent of the anthracycline group. However, as with most anticancer drugs, they cause some toxic effects, including major cardiotoxicity. Oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis contribute to the pathological basis of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Indole-3-carbinol is a cruciferous-derived phytochemical, with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Purpose: Our present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of I3C against DOX- induced cardiotoxicity in mice by Targeting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. Methods: BALB/c mice were subjected to DOX (4 mg/kg/day, i.p.) once weekly on days 0, 7, 14, 21 (for 21 days) to generate DOX- induced cardiotoxicity. Indole-3-carbinol was administered daily orally in the diet at two dose levels; 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm for 7 days before and 42 days after first injection of DOX. Serum creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and troponin I (cTn-I) levels activities, which are cardiac function markers were determined. Also, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) was assessed and enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed in the heart tissues to determine the protective effect of Indole-3-carbinol against oxidative stress. To determine the anti-inflammatory effect, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed in the heart tissues. Parts of the heart were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: Indole-3-carbinol in a dose‐dependent manner was found to have the ability to mitigate the harmful effects of DOX on myocardial muscles with significant decrease in serum levels of CK-MB, LDH and cTn-I. In addition, Indole-3-carbinol significantly inhibited DOX-induced cardiac oxidative stress as seen in the reduced level of MDA and increased SOD, CAT, GR and GPx cardiac tissue levels; Indole-3-carbinol significantly reduced inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-6 levels and inhibited cardiac apoptosis by modulating Caspase 3 cardiac tissue levels. Moreover, Indole-3-carbinol, in a dose‐dependent manner, had the ability to combat the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes induced by doxorubicin in cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that administration of I3C in a dose dependent manner prevents heart injury induced by DOX via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities.

Background: Electromagnetic radiation has become an extensive new pollution source in modern civilization. Therefore, the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation have attracted considerable attention worldwide. Objectives: The current review was aimed to highlight on sources of electromagnetic fields and their effects on vital organs and the risk of cancer. Electromagnetic sources can be classified into natural electromagnetic sources (sun, some distant stars, atmospheric discharges like thunder, or human body) and unnatural or human made sources (printers, vacuum cleaners, cellular phones, hair dryers, refrigerators, washing machines, kettles microwaves, cables that carry electrical currents, television and computers, electrical home gadgets, radio and television base stations, mobile phone base stations and phone equipment), home wiring airport, and transformers. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz, that are divided into extremely low frequencies (ELFs; 3–3,000 Hz), involving high-voltage transmission lines and in-house wiring; and radiofrequencies (RFs; 30 kHz to 300 GHz), involving mobile phones, smart devices, base stations, WiFi, and 5G technologies. Cell phone technology is an integral part of everyday life and its use is not only restricted to voice conversations but also conveying news, high-resolution pictures, and the internet. Exposure to electromagnetic fields might produce oxidative stress, sperm damage, DNA damage, changes in the chromatin conformation, formation of micronucleus in different cell types, gene expression, enzyme activity, and changes in the structure and function of cell membrane, stimulated an increase in apoptosis and biosynthesis of plasma metallothionein and corticosterone. It causes headaches, chronic fatigue, heart problems, stress, nausea, chest pain, gastrointestinal issues, pain in the muscles and joints, sweating, neurocognitive disturbances, eye burning, nose, ear, and throat issues, bad effects on reproductive, central nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Also, it increases anxiety-related behavior; spatial memory, and learning deficits in male mice offspring, decreased thermal pain perception, induced a sleep disturbance, latency, and day dysfunction especially in females, a change in memory performance, damage to the lens epithelial cells of rabbits after 8 hours of exposure to microwave radiation, produced lens opacity in rats, which is linked to the production of cataracts, and derangement of chicken embryo retinal differentiation. There are a relationship between exposure to electromagnetic fields and the increased incidence of the occurrence of some tumors types, particularly brain cancer and leukemia. EMFs induce damage of tissues by increasing free radicals and changing the antioxidant defense systems of tissues, eventually leading to oxidative stress which leads to behavioral, histopathological and biochemical alterations. Exposure to radar, which uses RF fields above 6 GHz similar to 5 G causes effects on production of cancer at different sites, and other diseases. The possible mechanism proposed of how EMFs lead to cancer is the impact of EMFs on free radical combination rates in certain enzymes, such as coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia lyase. The enzyme reaction rate may be amplified by a factor of up to 100. A case-control studies found an increased risk of gliomas, acoustic neuromas, and temporal lobe tumours in users with highest self-reported cell phone use. Exposure of experimental animals to microwave radiation caused a decrease in learning and memory ability, abnormal hippocampal morphology and abnormal Electroencephalogram. Also, it could lead to a decrease in norepinephrine and epinephrine contents in the brain, leading to neurotransmitter production disorders. Conclusion: It can be concluded that electromagnetic sources classified into natural electromagnetic and human made sources. EMFs) are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz are divided into extremely low frequencies and radiofrequencies. Exposure to electromagnetic fields might produce oxidative stress, which leads to histopathological and biochemical alterations in different body organs and increased risk of gliomas, acoustic neuromas, and temporal lobe tumours in users with highest self-reported cell phone use. Further studies are needed to confirm these effects in human and experimental animals.

The clove is usually known as "lavang". Due to the increase in nutrition and medicinal properties, Plants' importance in human life has increased every day. Clove is the topical evergreen Myrtaceae family tree native to the islands of Maluka in east Indonesia. It is commonly used for tooth care. Clove is used extensively in dental care for relieving toothache, sore gums and oral ulcers. Gargling with clove oil can also aid in sore throat conditions and bad breathe. This is commonly used as an expectorant for the treatment of dental discomfort, the digestive problem, oral ulceration, mosquito repellent. Clove is a pharmacologically active medicinal plant that includes Anti-oxidant, anti-pyretic, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-platelet, anti-stress, anti-disease, and anti-carcinogenic in cervical cancer. Clove is amongst the most essential sources of Phenolic compounds, including eugenol (80% -90%), eugenyl acetate (15% -17%), and beta-caryophyllene (5% -12%), alpha-humulene (0.55%), alpha-terpenyl acetate (0.1%), and methyl eugenol (0.2%). The clove oil extracted from the dried floral buds of the clove provide as a topical treating pain and as a healing factor. The flowers, stalks and clove tree leaves are obtained from the distillation of clove oil. Eugenol is the clove’s principal bioactive ingredient. For oral diseases, it is used as an antiseptic. Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian, African, Middle East countries and used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages. A mine component of clove plant parts is eugenol, that it has not been classified for its potential toxicity. Other important essential oil of clove is acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as bicornin, gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate, the flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin, triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, and campesterol and several sesquiterpenes. Thus, foods should be preserved against the microbial spoilage throughout the storage periods. In addition to clove extracts could affects as anti-oxidative, fungicidal, and antibacterial effects on foods. It has been reported that clove essential oil is one of the natural fungicides and antibacterial phytomaterial. The active essential oil in clove, eugenol, has been shown to act as an effective platelet inhibitor, preventing blood clots. The major constituents in bud and leaf oils were reported to be eugenol and caryophyllene. Main constituent’s flower buds of clove essential oil are phenylpropanoids such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. Clove bud oil contained primarily eugenol, eugenyl acetate and caryophyllene. The high concentration of eugenol in leaf and buds oil makes it potentially useful in the medicines because they exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory activity, insecticidal and antioxidant properties, and are used traditionally as flavouring agent and antimicrobial material in food. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) buds and flowers are utilized for its essential oil. Eugenol is the main component of clove oil, which has strong antioxidant activity. Eugenol is the chief bioactive constituent of clove, which is present in concentrations ranging from 9 381.70 to 14 650.00 mg/100 g of fresh plant weight. With regard to the phenolic acids, gallic acid is found in higher concentration (783.50 mg/100 g fresh weight). Cloves contain appreciable amounts of volatile oil (used for flavouring foods and pharmaceuticals), which is mainly confined in aerial parts of plant. Other phenolic acids found in clove are caffeic, ferulic, elagic and salicylic acids. Flavonoids including kaempferol, quercetin and its derivates (glycosilated) are also found in trace amounts. Appreciable amounts of essential oil are present in aerial parts of clove. Good quality clove bud contains volatile oil (15 to 20%), which mainly comprises of eugenol (70 to 85%), eugenyl acetate (10 to 15%), and beta-caryophyllene (5 to 12%). Approximately, 15-20% volatile oil can be produced from dried buds. Clove improves memory by relieving mental fog, drowsiness, and depression. Clove oil is mosquito repellent. Clover oil exhibited significant inhibition against tested strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.312-1.25% (v/v) for clove oil, and 0.312- 5% (v/v) for rosemary oil.

Biotransformation in human body results accumulation of free radicals (reactive oxygen species or ROS). If patients LDL particles are more than normal in systemic circulation, get interacted with free radicals and form foamy cells; initial stage of coronary artery disease (CAD). Hyperlipidemia may be primary (genetic reason) or secondary which is acquired type of dyslipidemia. Free radicle formation in human body is very much normal phenomenon. Just reducing LDL or raising HDL may prevent interaction of LDL with reactive oxygen species (free radicals), escaping patient to develop CAD. Commonly used drugs in prophylaxis or treatment of dyslipidemia include statins (HMGCo-A reductase inhibitors), niacin, bile resins and fibric acids. There are alternative therapies for dyslipidemia including use of fibers, fruits, and vegetables. In Pakistan there are huge number of fruits and herbs which are getting popularity as hypolipidemic agents. One of the important fruit in Pakistan having hypolipidemic potential is JUJUBES (in urdu called Bair). In this study we have compared hypolipidemic effects of Bair with statin in hyperlipidemic patients. This study was conducted at Begum Jan hospital, Islamabad-Pakistan. Sixty hyperlipidemic patients were selected and divided in two groups. Their lipid profile (LP) was determined in the hospital and blood pressure (BP) was recorded at start of treatment. Group-1 was advised to take 10 mg tablet Rosuvastatin in divided doses, and group-2 was advised to use 500 mg Bair (JUJUBES) in divided times per day for the period of 2 months. RESULTS: after two months therapy their lipid profile and BP was re-determined and analyzed statistically by using SPSS version 22.00.01. It was observed that Rosuvastatin decreased systolic BP and LDL-c highly significantly (p-value < 0.001), while diastolic BP was reduced significantly (p-value <0.01) and HLD-c was increased significantly with p-value <0.01. In group-2 JUJUBES (Bair) reduced systolic BP and LDL-c significantly (p-value <0.01) but no significant changes were observed in diastolic BP and HDL-c in this group. CONCLUSION: It was concluded from the research study that Jujubes reduce LDL-c and systolic BP in hyperlipidemic patients, but lesser than statin group of antihyperlipidemic agents.

Background: Metabolic syndrome comprises of altered lipid, carbohydrates, and protein metabolism causing increase synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which interact with blood low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. This interactive phenomenon develops coronary artery disease (CAD) causing hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart attack. Preventive measures for CAD include avoiding sedentary life style, cession of cigarette smoking, taking unhealthy bakery foods and taking hypolipidemic agents. In allopathy hypolipidemic agents include statins, fibrates, niacin and psyllium husk. Because these drugs have mild to severe adverse effects, medicinal herbs having hypolipidemic characteristics are replacing allopathic agents. Ginger is one of those medicinal herbs. We have tried to prove how much ginger can reduce LDL-C, TC, and body weight in hyperlipidemic patients. Our research work was single blind and placebo-controlled study. The study was conducted at National Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from July to November 2016. 65 male, female hyperlipidemic patients were selected from the OPD of the Hospital. Their age range was 25 years to sixty years. Chain smokers, regular alcohol users, and patients suffering from any liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal illnesses were excluded from the study. They were divided equally ie 30 patients in each group. Group-I was tested group and Group-II was placebo group. Their baseline lipid profile, and body weight was determined in pathology laboratory of the hospital and was kept in their personal file. Serum TC (total cholesterol) by calorimetric (enzymic) method. Blood LDL-cholesterol was calculated by Friedwald formula5 ie; LDL-cholesterol = TC-(TG/5) + HDL-cholesterol. 30 patients of group-I were advised to take 5 grams ginger’s pasted-powder in divided doses for the period of three months. 30 patients of group-II were advised to take one capsule (placebo capsule filled with 30 mg of grinded wheat) 8 hourly daily for the period of three months. They were advised to come at hospital for follow up fortnightly. After three months therapy their lipid profile and body weight was redetermined by same method as above. Data were expressed as mean ± SD/SEM (standard deviation/ standard error of mean). Paired t-test was used to determine SS (statistical significance) in pre and post-treatment mean values. P-values greater than 0.05 were labeled as non-significant difference in two groups (pre-treatment and post treatment mean values). Lesser than 0.05 value (p-value) was considered as significant change in two groups. Lesser than 0.001 value was labeled as highly significant change in two groups (pre-treatment and post treatment groups).