Background: Resistance to β lactamase by Escherichia coli is one of the principal molecular mechanisms leading to failure of extended spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics. Nevertheless, family-based PCR results are often considered evidence of ESBL phenotype despite the non-ESBL parent gene identified by sequencing. Objectives: Analysis of clinical isolates collected from Iraq using a molecular genetic approach considering alleles, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multiplex PCR, partial gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and ERIC PCR fingerprinting. Methods: Fifty two isolates were characterized by conventional identification, disk diffusion, phenotypic ESBL and AmpC tests, multiplex PCR targeting bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX M, bla OXA, and six plasmid mediated AmpC families, partial Sanger sequencing, and ERIC PCR. Data were analyzed using Wilson 95% confidence intervals, Cohen's κ, and exact McNemar tests. Results: The highest resistance frequencies were observed for tetracycline (67.3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (55.8%), and nalidixic acid (42.3%); 40.4% of isolates met the definition of multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). Thirty five isolates (67.3%) carried at least one screened β lactamase family marker. blaTEM was detected in 29 isolates (55.8%), blaOXA in eight (15.4%), blaSHV in one (1.9%), blaDHA in three (5.8%), and blaCTX M in none. Sequencing assigned the detected alleles to TEM 1, SHV 1, OXA 1, and DHA 1. Consequently, the molecular results demonstrate β lactamase gene carriage but do not justify labeling all PCR positive isolates as ESBL producers. Phenotype–marker concordance was poor for the ESBL comparison (42.3%; κ = −0.03; p = 0.0014) and limited for AmpC (71.2%; κ = 0.025; p = 0.0074). ERIC PCR resolved 16 profiles among 35 gene positive isolates at 50% similarity, indicating substantial clonal heterogeneity. Conclusion: Allele discrimination essentially alters the way family level PCR results should be analyzed. In order to properly classify resistance and perform surveillance in an Iraqi medical setting, both current phenotypic criteria and allele discrimination sequencing must be used.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a globally widespread parasitic infection, and the resistance of the parasite causing this infection to commonly used drugs has become a serious problem. Therefore, it has become necessary to conduct studies on the role of alternative medicines as a treatment for this disease. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of using Capparis spinosa extract on the gene expression of HSP70 and LACK genes in promastigote. Method: The parasite was cultured in RPMI-1640 culture medium in the laboratory under suitable working condition. Subsequently, the parasite was exposed to different concentration of Capparis spinosa extract, and then the gene expression of the parasites HSP70 and LACK was measured by used RT-PCR assay. Results: Exposure of promastigote to different concentrations of Capparis spinosa extract resulted in a significant increase in the Gene expression of HSP70 and LACK genes compared to the control group suggesting the potential use of this extract as a treatment for leishmaniasis. Conclusion: The current study showed that Capparis spinosa extract has an effect on HSP70 and LACK genes expression through the effect of some chemical compounds of the plant extract on protein synthesis and iron chelation.

Background: There are several different types of kidney replacement therapy, but the most frequent one is hemodialysis (HD). Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to evaluated level of hematological, and electrolyte in HD patients and control. Materials and Methods: This study involved 60 individuals of Iraqi renal failure patients with hemodialysis from Tikrit Teaching. The healthy group in volved 30 individuals, who were free from renal failure symptoms and other diseases. These samples were collected during the period from September 2025 to March 2026. Exclusion criteria Renal failure patients’ pre-hemodialysis. Result: White blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts in HD patients were found to be non-significantly different from those in the control group (P > 0.05). On the other hand, HD patients had considerably lower levels of packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) than controls (P < 0.001). HD patients had considerably higher serum phosphate levels (5.8 ± 0.9 mg/dL) than the control group (P < 0.001). On the other hand, HD patients had considerably lower serum levels of calcium, chloride, potassium, and sodium than controls (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study concluded that hemodialysis patients had significantly lower hemoglobin, packed cell volume, calcium, chloride, potassium, and sodium levels, while serum phosphate levels were significantly elevated.

Tuberculosis (TB) is said to be leading cause among the health problems in the world owing to its high morbidity and mortality, which is again due to antibiotic resistance. The bacteria’s thick, lipid-rich cell wall makes the lipid layer permeable and limits the drug entry, and loosing hope in therapeutics. New methods are being developed in nanomedicine which boosts the drug solubility into the mycobacterial membranes. Enzyme-based nano delivery systems increase selectivity and reduce systemic toxicity by producing localized medication release via pathogen-specific enzyme activity. Carbohydrate-based carriers, which are engineered to resemble host glycoconjugates and allow for selective uptake and extended release, are a potential method of breaching the cell wall. Together, these innovative delivery strategies represent a paradigm shift in TB therapy, addressing the shortcomings of traditional treatment and opening the way to more successful management of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The introduction of nanotechnology to antimicrobial therapy underscores the critical need for translational research to address the global tuberculosis load.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents one of the major non-communicable diseases affecting populations worldwide. It is characterized by a gradual decline in renal function resulting from persistent structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys, eventually leading to impaired filtration capacity and multiple systemic complications. Persistent renal dysfunction is accompanied by immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation, leading to altered production of several cytokines and inflammatory mediators., Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammation plays a central role in CKD progression, while circulating visfatin has emerged as an inflammatory adipokine closely linked to metabolic and immune alterations in these patients, cellular stress responses and metabolism. This investigation was designed to quantify serum concentrations of visfatin, interleukin-17A, beta2-microglobulin, and interleukin-22 in individuals with chronic kidney disease and to compare these biomarkers with those measured in healthy participants. A case-control study was performed between January and June 2025 involving 90 participants, including 60 clinically diagnosed CKD patients and 30 apparently healthy controls., serum samples were collected to measure the level of visfatin, interleukin 17A, beta2-microglobulin and interleukin 22 by ELIZA technique, which is based on the Sandwich ELIZA principle. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the level of visfatin in patients with CKD (7.25 ± 0.6 pg/ml) compared to controls (3.6 ± 0.3 pg/ml). The results of the study also showed a highly significant increase in the level of interleukin 17A, beta 2 microglobulin and interleukin 22 in patients with CKD (24. 39 ± 7.2 pg/ml, 6.86 ± 1.7 ng/ml, and 185.7 ± 20.5 pg/ml) respectively, compared with controls (3.22 ± 0.77 pg/ml, 2.53 ± 0.74 ng/ml, and 89.4 ± 15.3 pg/ml) respectively. These findings indicate that elevated serum levels of visfatin, interleukin-17A, beta2-microglobulin, and interleukin-22 are closely associated with chronic kidney disease and may serve as useful biomarkers reflecting immune activation and inflammatory status in affected patients.

The vitamin D deficiency is commonly among the people with chronic kidney diseases. The current study amid to evaluation vitamin D levels in blood serum of the patients, this study discovered the relationship between physiology markers and vitamin D levels the current study included 39 patients, these patients register in dialysis center. The patients were divided to 5 phases Based on to the KDIGO guidelines and their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Physiological indicators, including serum creatinine, eGFR, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, bilirubin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, were analyzed. This study is comfier vitamin D deficiency present of patient’s chronic kidney disease, more than 90% have insufficient or low vitamin D levels, and the disease in advance phases observed a vitamin D levels in severe vitamin D deficiency. In addition, the current study can to showing inverse relationship between disease phases and evaluation glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), while creatinine levels increased with disease progression. So, the determine vitamin D level is necessary to diagnosis the phases disease among the patients as this knowledge help in disease management and reducing complications.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent endocrine and metabolic condition, is frequently considered a principal cause of anovulatory infertility in women. The pathophysiology of PCOS is intricate and affected by various factors. Recent research indicates that disruption in energy metabolism and oxidative stress are critical factors in abnormal follicular growth and reduced fertility in people with PCOS. The present study aimed to evaluated level of glutathione, catalase, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8- OHdG) in PCOS women. The study had a total of 90 samples, with 60 of them being diagnosed with PCOS and the remaining 30 serving as controls. The age range of the participants was between 20 and 45 years. The patients were admitted to both Tikrit Teaching Hospital and a private hospital in Tikrit. The present study demonstrated decrease level of glutathione and catalase in PCOS as compared with control at p-value < 0.05. While increase level of MDA and 8-OHdG in PCOs as compared with control, at p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: The current investigation has shown that serum glutathione and catalase levels were reduced in women with PCOS. Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome exhibit elevated oxidative stress.