This theory paper proposes the Growth Iron Triangle of Entrepreneurship (GITE) theory, a mid-range theory that frames entrepreneurial growth as a market-driven process achieved through the triangulation of human capital, financial capital, and institutional support. The uneven distribution of entrepreneurial growth remains insufficiently theorized, as existing theories address market gaps, human capital, financial access, and institutional support largely as isolated growth mechanisms. According to GITE, these enabling forces engage in a dynamic interaction process that transforms market gaps into sustained value creation and market expansion. Entrepreneurial growth is explained by five propositions that describe mechanisms driving venture development and that specify the boundary conditions defining its scope and assumptions. GITE contributes to entrepreneurship research by offering a framework that informs entrepreneurs, policymakers, and development organizations on how to integrate theoretical viewpoints to facilitate entrepreneurial growth. This paper introduces the GITE theory for entrepreneurial growth.

The performance of the public sector is based not just on formal governance formations but also on the way in which governance conditions influence the manner in which managers behave, act as leaders, and decisions are made within organizations. Governance weaknesses in developing countries tend to act as limits to managerial discretion, affecting the way public managers manage, distribute resources as well as pursue performance goals. Although there have been far-reaching governance reform efforts, few studies have investigated these dynamics on a managerial approach in Bangladesh. The given study takes the form of a qualitative multiple-case study to identify the influence of the governance conditions on managerial behavior in the context of Bangladesh on the setting of the public institutions. Based on semi-structured interviews with public managers in each of the ministries, regulatory agencies and local government agencies, along with document analysis, the study uses reflexive thematic analysis to determine the predominant trends in managerial reactions to governance constraints. The results indicate that politicization, lax accountability mechanisms, rigidity in the bureaucracy, and limitation of capacity, and informal governance practices systematically reform managerial behaviour. Those situations contaminate risk-averse, compliance-based management, undermine strategic leadership, suppress performance-based management, and narrow innovation and value creation to the populace. Most managers do not serve as organizational leaders but instead as deciphers who go through the political pressure and procedural restrictions. The research also makes a contribution to the body of micro level, situation-specific evidence on the transformation of the governance conditions into managerial practices in a developing-country setting. It concludes that reforms in governance, to increase managerial autonomy, accountability, discretion and capacity, are necessary to address long term sustainable improvements in public sector performance through the ability of managers to be effective leaders, and creators of public value.

Since the 1970s, human thought has witnessed major transformations found in the emergence of new concepts such as the knowledge economy, sustainable development and globalization in its new guise, and then the digital economy in the mid-1990s. In addition, foreign direct investment has emerged as an economic activity and one of the aspects of international relations and is consistent with these transformations. The research included four topics, the first of which is something in the concept of the knowledge economy, the second is something in foreign direct investment, the third is the knowledge economy as an engine to attract foreign direct investment, and the fourth is Iraq between the knowledge economy and attracting foreign direct investment. The research came out with conclusions, including that the development of human capital is the key to the knowledge economy and the main engine to attract foreign investment, and then Iraq's lack of elements of the knowledge economy was a major disruption to attracting this investment, especially administrative and financial corruption and the faltering dealing with information and communication technology. The most important of the research recommendations was the need for an educational, scientific, research, technological, informational and digital environment to support creativity, innovation and invention , as well as the need to establish a supreme council for the knowledge economy in the state , and also the formation of e-government as the starting point for the knowledge economy and make this prevail all the activities of state institutions, as well as ensuring the availability of the appropriate investment climate.

The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly transformed the banking sector in emerging economies, particularly through the adoption of digital banking channels. In Bangladesh, commercial banks have increasingly deployed mobile and online banking applications, Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), Point of Sale (POS) services, and Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) to enhance service delivery. However, customer satisfaction outcomes remain inconsistent. This study examines the impact of key digital banking channels on bank customers’ satisfaction in Bangladesh within a digital economy framework. A survey research design was employed, and primary data were collected from 372 bank customers across Dhaka, Chattogram, and Khulna divisions using structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 25. The results reveal that mobile and online banking applications, USSD services, and ATM services have a positive and statistically significant effect on customer satisfaction. Conversely, POS services exhibit a significant negative relationship with customer satisfaction, indicating service reliability and operational challenges. Overall, the findings confirm that digital economy-driven banking channels significantly influence customer satisfaction in Bangladesh. The study provides practical implications for bank managers to improve digital service quality and for policymakers to strengthen regulatory frameworks that support sustainable digital banking and financial inclusion. This research contributes to the digital banking literature by offering an integrated assessment of multiple digital channels in an emerging economy context.

In crowdfunding publishing projects, different strategies are adopted for investors with varying levels of needs. Such targeted measures can attract more investors to participate in the project. The application of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory to crowdfunding publishing has certain practical significance, yet research in this area is currently lacking. Based on the Hierarchy of Needs theory, this paper analyzes the motivations of investors in crowdfunding publishing projects and, according to the analysis, formulates countermeasures from three perspectives: project initiators, crowdfunding platforms, and relevant national departments.

This study conducts a comparative economic analysis of cooperative and private dairy systems in Haryana, India. Using empirical field data, financial performance indicators, and gender-based productivity evaluations, it identifies critical operational differences between cooperative structures governed by the Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation (HDDCF) and market-oriented private dairy enterprises. Cooperatives, emphasizing transparency and inclusive growth, struggle with higher procurement and processing costs, resulting in lower profitability compared to private processors who benefit from greater operational efficiency, flexible pricing, and quicker payment cycles. Additionally, gender-disaggregated analyses reveal significant disparities in resource access and productivity between male and female cooperative members. Despite institutional support and extensive service outreach, cooperative dairies face challenges in sustainability and profitability, whereas private dairies lack comprehensive farmer support mechanisms but offer higher immediate returns to producers. The findings suggest policy interventions focused on enhancing cooperative efficiency, improving gender equity, and integrating best practices from both cooperative and private models to ensure balanced sectoral growth.

Against the backdrop of global energy transition and China’s "Dual Carbon" goals, the way in which corporate carbon risk—as a key driver of multinational strategic decision-making—jointly influences post-merger green innovation performance and financial performance through the interactive effects of host-country democracy, corruption, and income inequality remains unresolved. To address this gap, this study draws on data from Chinese cross-border mergers and acquisitions between 2018 and 2022 and employs a multiple linear regression model to empirically analyze the impact of acquirer carbon risk on green innovation performance and financial performance in cross-border M&As. Furthermore, it examines the moderating roles of host-country democracy, corruption, and income inequality. The paper also conducts multiple robustness tests to ensure the reliability of the findings. Research findings indicate that: (1) In terms of green performance, Chinese companies with higher carbon risks exhibit better green innovation performance after mergers and acquisitions. When the level of democracy in the host country is higher, this tendency is significantly enhanced, demonstrating a positive moderating effect. Conversely, when the level of corruption in the host country is higher, this tendency is significantly weakened, demonstrating a negative moderating effect. (2) In terms of financial performance, Chinese companies with higher carbon risks exhibit worse financial performance after mergers and acquisitions. When the level of democracy in the host country is higher, this tendency is significantly enhanced. When the level of corruption in the host country is higher, this tendency is significantly weakened. When the level of income inequality in the host country is higher, this tendency is also significantly weakened. This study aims to construct an integrated analytical framework to explain how emerging market enterprises can achieve "green escape" by adopting international non-market strategies in response to institutional pressures from host countries, thereby deepening the theoretical understanding of the motivations behind global green mergers and acquisitions.