The present study aimed to examine the effect of concept mapping strategy on problem-solving ability in Mathematics among secondary school students. A true experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was adopted for the study. The sample consisted of 60 students, selected through random sampling and divided into experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. A researcher-developed Problem-Solving Ability Test was used for data collection, and its reliability was established prior to administration. The experimental group was taught using concept mapping strategy, while the control group received traditional lecture-based instruction for a period of four weeks. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and independent samples t-test. The results revealed no significant difference between the groups in the pre-test, indicating initial equivalence. However, a significant difference was observed in the post-test scores (t = 6.15, p < 0.01), with the experimental group showing higher performance. The findings indicate that concept mapping strategy has a positive and significant effect on students’ problem-solving ability in Mathematics. The study suggests that incorporating visual and structured learning strategies can enhance conceptual understanding and improve academic outcomes. Therefore, concept mapping is recommended as an effective instructional approach in Mathematics classrooms.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) introduced a Chinese character-written book to Western world. The book is called as Tcheonzamun (Han, 1583) in Korea. Tcheonzamun (千字文) means a thousand (千) character (字) essay (文). The present study concerns the translation of Tcheonzamun poem. The present researchers have interests on the origin of Tcheonzamun; is the author Chinese or Korean? There are several methods for the translation of Tcheonzamun poem. The first one is through Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). The second one is through the meaning of Chinese characters on this Tcheonzamun poem (Park et al., 2021). In addition, deleting method was utilized (Kim, 2023). The method is found by chance (Kim, 2023). <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation in Korean language). “Modified pronunciation in Korean alphabet.” Modified pronunciation in English alphabet>. 205-208 克(Keug) 念(Nyeom) 作(Zag) 聖(Seong). “그냥 자셔!” Keu-nyang Za-syeo! (The parents say to the husband of their daughter, the son in-law) Oh my son! Take this meal (Za-syeo!), it is for you! Other things are not necessary! (Keu-nyang). <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation shown in Korean language on English alphabet)>. 197-200(2) 詩(Si) 讚(Tchan) 羔(Ko) 羊(Yang). 197-200(2) 詩(Si)-言-土-丨=丁. 讚(Tchan)-言-土-灬-丨=貝. 羔(Ko)-羊-灬=(nothing). 羊(Yang)-羊=(nothing). Our Lord! Somebody is an ordinary man or a common woman (nothing). And if we want to say that the person is not great (nothing). What will be the method? It is very simple. To change the common man (丁) or the ordinary woman into the extraordinary man (貝) or the special woman. Our Lord Jesus! It is my wife Hyeonhi who has made me, the ordinary man, to become the talented man. Hyeonhi has grown me, she has changed me Augustin from the poor state into the present good state. The title of this study is ‘Hyeonhi has grown me, she has changed me Augustin from the poor state into the present good state (Tcheonzamun 193rd-208th)’.

The integration of digital technologies has transformed crisis administration, enabling real-time data collection, rapid communication, and evidence-based decision-making. Public and private organizations increasingly rely on digital platforms, geographic information systems (GIS), big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery during crises. This theoretical paper examines the opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of digital technologies in crisis administration. Drawing upon literature from public administration, information systems, and disaster management, the paper highlights the benefits of enhanced situational awareness, efficient resource allocation, and improved stakeholder engagement. At the same time, it addresses risks including cybersecurity threats, digital divide issues, misinformation, and over-reliance on technology. Recommendations are provided for integrating digital technologies into organizational frameworks to improve adaptive capacity, resilience, and overall crisis management effectiveness.

Crisis events, including natural disasters, pandemics, and socio-political emergencies, demand rapid, coordinated responses from multiple organizations and sectors. Interagency collaboration and network governance have emerged as essential frameworks for effective crisis management. This theoretical paper explores the principles, mechanisms, and challenges of interagency collaboration in crises, drawing upon literature from public administration, organizational theory, and disaster management. Key elements include shared situational awareness, clear communication channels, joint decision-making, trust-building, and institutionalized coordination protocols. Network governance models facilitate cooperation across hierarchical and sectoral boundaries, enabling integrated responses that improve efficiency, resource allocation, and resilience. The paper also highlights barriers, including institutional silos, power asymmetries, and information-sharing constraints. Recommendations focus on building trust, standardizing procedures, leveraging technology, and fostering adaptive capacities to strengthen interagency coordination in complex crisis environments.

The post-war era in Sudan presents unique challenges and opportunities for rebuilding institutions, governance structures, and social systems. Effective administration is critical to achieving stability, economic recovery, and societal cohesion. This paper evaluates the role of administrative leadership in Sudan during the post-war era, with a focus on rebuilding public institutions, restoring higher education systems, managing resources, and engaging stakeholders. Drawing on post-conflict governance theory, adaptive leadership, and organizational resilience frameworks, the paper analyzes the strategies, challenges, and successes of administrative bodies in navigating post-conflict reconstruction. Lessons learned highlight the importance of transparency, innovation, stakeholder collaboration, and institutional resilience in ensuring sustainable recovery. Policy recommendations emphasize capacity-building, digital infrastructure, participatory governance, and strategic planning to strengthen administrative effectiveness in post-war Sudan.

Effective crisis management requires not only operational readiness and responsive execution but also systematic evaluation of performance. Evaluating crisis response performance enables organizations to learn from past events, improve operational procedures, and enhance accountability. This theoretical paper examines frameworks, metrics, and accountability mechanisms for assessing crisis response performance. Drawing upon literature in public administration, disaster management, and performance management, it explores quantitative and qualitative indicators, including response time, resource allocation efficiency, stakeholder satisfaction, and adherence to protocols. The paper also addresses challenges such as data limitations, political influences, and contextual variability. Case studies highlight best practices and lessons learned from natural disasters, pandemics, and industrial crises. Recommendations focus on integrating performance measurement into crisis management planning, fostering transparency, and promoting continuous improvement to enhance organizational resilience and public trust.

French Missionary Dallet (1874) introduced the thousand character essay to the Western World. Dallet (1874) described that the thousand character has been used both in China and in Korea for the very long time, and that it was used as the textbook for the Chinese characters for the children. The thousand character essay is called as Tcheonzamun (千字文) in Korea (Han, 1583). It is thought that the Sphinx is the splendid thing in the Western World. The Tcheonzamun is the miraculous thing in the Eastern World. Recently Park et al., (2021) and Kim (2023) translated Tcheonzamun poem in the interesting manner, and they (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023) thought that the theme of the Tcheonzamun poem is the ‘love’ between the husband and the wife. The present study is carried out in the viewpoint of the love between the couple. It is often said that the love is not perfect, but that it is incomplete. In the present study, the condition is very severe between the husband and the wife. Somewhat old Tcheonzamun book (Han, 1583) was used for this study. The method used in the present study is on the basis of Korean pronunciation of Chinese character on Tcheonzamun (Kim, 2023). By chance, it is known that the sixteen letters on Tcheonzamun make a poem (Park et al., 2021). There are three methods for the translation on Korean grammar (Park et al., 2021; Kim, 2023). On the present study, the translation was done on Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters (Kim, 2023). The range of this study is of (Tcheonzamun 721st-736th). This work concerns the translation of Tcheonzamun poem. The title of this study is ‘It is you Hyeonhi who made me(Augustin) happy on the very difficult life in Japan! (沈(Tchim) 默(Meug) 寂(Zyeog) 寥(Yo)) (Tcheonzamun 721st-736th)’. The present researchers do not judge whether the following curses will be to her husband or not. The curses might be to the woman whom her husband likes. Anyway, the next is the pray of the wife to the living Lord! <Number in Tcheonzamun. Chinese character (Pronunciation in Korean language). Modified pronunciation of Chinese character on Korean language in Korean alphabet. Modified pronunciation of Chinese character on Korean language in English alphabet >. 721-726 兩(Yang) 疏(So) 見(Gyeon) 機(Gi) 解(Hae) 組(Zo) “양손 끊기 해줘!” Yang-son Geun-gi Hae-zwo! My Lord! I wish (Hae-zwo!) that You cut (Geun-gi) the both hands (Yang-son) of the person! 727- 732 誰(Shyu) 逼(Pib) 索(Saeg) 居(Keo) 閑(Han) 處(Tchyeo). “슬피 살게한 채!” Seul-pi Sal-ke-han Tche! Oh My Lord! I wish that You make (Tche!) the person to live (Sal-ke-han) unhappily (Seul-pi)! 733-736 沈(Tchim) 默(Meug) 寂(Zyeog) 寥(Yo). “침을 뱉어 줘요! Tchim-eul Baet-eo Zweo-yo! My Lord! I wish (zweo-yo!) that You will spit (Tchim-eul Baet-eo) at my opponent contemptuously. “It is you Hyeonhi who made me(Augustin) happy on the very difficult life in Japan!”.