Background: Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder that induces cytological alterations in the airways and oral mucosa. Persistent inflammation and long-term inhalation therapy may contribute to epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and atypia. Objective: To assess cytological changes in sputum and buccal smears among chronic asthmatic patients in Shendi, Sudan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 60 chronic asthmatic patients and 60 matched healthy controls. Sputum and buccal smears were collected, stained using the Papanicolaou technique, and examined microscopically. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Nuclear atypia, inflammation, infection, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and prenuclear halos were significantly more frequent in sputum samples from asthmatic patients compared with controls (p < 0.001). Buccal smears showed increased inflammation and infection among patients, particularly those on long-term inhaled therapy, while nuclear atypia was not statistically significant. Poor housing conditions and positive family history were strongly associated with asthma prevalence. Conclusion: Chronic asthma is linked to marked cytological alterations in sputum and, to a lesser extent, buccal mucosa. These findings highlight the role of cytological screening as a simple and cost-effective tool for evaluating cellular changes in asthmatic patients.

In general, plants are the primary host for the Penicillium fungus, which can cause a variety of diseases and losses. Additionally, some species are useful to us in a variety of sectors and the manufacture of antibiotics; nevertheless, in this study, the Penicillium fungus was isolated from sick cases of individuals suffering from diabetes, implying that it took advantage of immunity. A small percentage of these patients may experience isolation repeatedly. PCR testing is the most popular technique for finding fungal DNA in clinical materials. In this study, the genus Penicillium was identified through phenotypic analysis under a microscope. Genetic diagnosis confirmed this identification as Penicillium limosum. Products of the polymerase reaction were given in multiplexed DNA. The nitrogenous base sequence was discovered by sequencing isolated specimens from diabetic patients through the Korean Macro gene Company. The fungal isolates have been added to the Global GenBank.

Salmonella is one microorganism in which resistant serotypes have emerged because of the widespread use of antibiotics. The study was aimed to determine the prevalence of TEM 1 gene in multidrug resistance salmonella species isolated from diarrheogenic patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano. Standard microbiological techniques were employed for isolation and identification of Salmonella. Disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Molecular techniques was used for detection of TEM 1 resistant gene in multidrug resistant isolates. The result showed 22 out of 170 samples were positive for Salmonella spp which accounted for 12.9%. Higher incidence of Salmonella was found among subjects of age between 21 – 30 years. Salmonella spp were highly resistant to ampicillin (86.4%), streptomycin and gentamicin (77.3%) each, chloramphenicol (72.7%) and augmentin (61.2%). Less resistant was recorded by ciprofloxacin (27.3%), tetracycline and erythromycin 36.4% each. Based on the activity of the antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin were the most effective antibiotics while ampicillin, streptomycin and gentamicin were less effective. From the result, 8 (36.4%) isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics tested while 14 (63.6%) of the isolates were resistant to less than three antibiotics. The gel electrophoresis results for the PCR products obtained for detection of TEM-1 gene for each of the 8 Salmonella isolates showed 6 (75%) out of the 8 multidrug resistant showed presence of TEM-1 gene at 296bp. It is concluded that TEM-1 gene was one of the gene responsible drug resistant in Salmonella.

Background: Although it has been demonstrated that malaria, which causes a significant number of deaths in endemic countries, affects hematological parameters both directly and indirectly, certain hematological parameters among populations in malaria-endemic regions have not been consistently described as a standard for measuring malaria burden. A feverish condition with several blood cell parameter changes is caused by malaria. Among these alterations are anemia and thrombocytopenia. Objective: The objective is to assess the evaluation of Hematological Changes in Malaria Patients in Shendi Town, Sudan. Methodology: The study was conducted across sections. This study included 80 people, of which 30 were healthy for comparison and 50 had malaria. Each person who gave informed consent to participate in the study had approximately 5 milliliters of blood drawn. A complete blood count was carried out on their samples using a hematology auto-analyzer to ascertain their hematological parameters. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to statistically evaluate the data collected from the study after it was entered into a database. Results: According to the study, the average age of the malaria patients was 29.8 years, with 48% of them being men and 52% being women. The mean values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW were (11.2 g/dl), (33.5%), (4.1x1012/l), (80.7 fl), (42.3 pg), (33.0 g/dl), and (17.8), respectively, according to the complete blood count (CBC). The mean TWBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mid-platelet count, and MPV were also higher, at 6.5 x 109 /l, 60.2%, 29.9%, 9.4%, 206.1 x 109 /l, and 8.7 x 109. Conclusion: Significant alterations in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets, and neutrophils are caused by malaria.

Plants extracts were used in herbal medicine since ancient times owing to their therapeutic effectiveness, availability and accessibility in an experimental study. In the current study we used methanolic Lycium shawii extract (MLSE) investigate biological and medical active compounds by gas chromatography spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluate its therapeutic ability against amikacin induced liver toxicity. 32 experimental male mice were divided into 4 groups; GI (negative control) was given Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), GII was given amikacin (100mg/kg), group GIII was received (MLSE) alone, while group GIV was received both 100mg/kg of amikacin and 200 mg/kg of MLSE. GC-MS result showed 20 medicinally active compounds as shown in table 1. Most of these compounds reported as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and even anti-cancer. The biochemical tests revealed significant P≤ 0.05 therapeutic potential of MLSE in GIV to normalize the disturbance in the liver enzymes values (ALT, AST and ALP) that induced by amikacin in GII compared with GI. Additionally, histopathological study was illustrated that MLSE exhibit potent role in GIV in reduction amikacin-induced hepatotoxicity in GII compared with normal control GI. Collectively the MLSE play an important role in overcoming and suppression of amikacin hepatotoxicity. According to above results we recommended that Lycium shawii extract can use in medical and pharmaceutical field after further clinical and genetic evaluation for its safety and activity.

Objective: Recurrent loss of pregnancy is one of among the most prevalent clinical events that occur in the initial, second, and thrid trimesters. Therefore, while this research aims to assess the connection between the vitamin D receptors gene (V.D.R) SNPs (rs1544410) and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. Methods: The cross-sectional research focused on fifty women with recurrent pregnancy loss and 50 control women without history of pregnancy failure. We applied the polymerase chain reaction (P.C.R) techniques to amplify the polymorphism areas of the V.D.R gene on each chromosome 12. The P.C.R products of every specimen were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega, USA) and forwarded for sequencing using the Sanger sequencing method at Macrogen, Korea. All DNA sequences were compared to the reference genome sequence of the VDR gene. Results: Our results showed the case patient group consisted of 15(30 %) CC wild type, 29(58%) CT mutant heterozygote, and 6(12%) TT homozygote genotypes of rs1544410 in VDR gene, while the control included 25(50%) CC wild type, 21(42%) CT heterozygote, and 4(8%) TT homozygote genotypes. There was a significant decrease in CC genotype in recurrent pregnancy compared with control group of dominant model (P=0.04), and significant association of rs1544410 polymorphism and VD3, WBC, RBC, GOT, GPT and Diastolic Blood Pressure. Conclusion: The present research found a substantial association between rs1544410 variations of the V.D.R gene and recurrent abortion, and significant association of rs1544410 polymorphism with study parameters.

The synthesis of chemogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was carried out by reducing sodium selenite and ascorbic acid and properly characterized the nanoparticles to ascertain its physicochemical characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the SeNPs were highly crystalline and hexagonal with low crystallite size, which showed its possible application in catalyst, drug delivery, and bioimaging. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed clear spherical nanoparticle SeNPs with an average size of 19.91 nm that makes them surface reactive and suitable as biomedical materials. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique was used to verify that the high purity of the SeNPs (selenium as the major element) contained oxygen, carbon, sodium, chlorine, and gold as impurities. The SeNPs tested showed a prominent dose related scavenging effect with an antioxidant activity developed in presence of DPPH in the concentration with a maximum scavenging (38.32%) at µg/mL. Investigations on hemolysis revealed that SeNPs also do not lysis red blood cells and thus has a good biocompatibility. SeNPs had MIC values on Salmonella enterica of 16 µg/mL, which indicates their antimicrobial activity. Moreover, SeNPs showed significant antibiofilm potential with Salmonella enterica and in particular in its association with tetracycline where a high degree of synergism was achieved leading to more than 80% of inhibition. The results of this study’s findings indicate the promising future of SeNPs as antimicrobial and anti-oxidant application, which could possibly be used to overcome bacterial resistance as well as to act as an enhancer to the effects of conventional antibiotics.