Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) is a important source of morbidity with mortality worldwide. The increasing prevalence from antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among HAI pathogens complicates empirical therapy and infection control. This study characterizes the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates recovered from HAIs at a tertiary-care hospital. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of bacterial isolates obtained from patients with HAIs between January 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024. Clinical specimens (blood, urine, wound/tissue, respiratory secretions, and catheter tips) submitted to the microbiology laboratory were included if cultures met criteria for HAI. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) were performed using standard laboratory methods and interpreted according to CLSI/EUCAST guidelines. Data were analyzed for pathogen distribution, resistance rates to key antibiotic classes, multidrug resistance (MDR) prevalence, and trends by specimen type and ward. A total of 400 non-duplicate isolates from 380 patients met inclusion criteria. Gram-negative bacteria comprised 72% (n=288) of isolates; Gram-positive bacteria comprised 28% (n=112). The most common organisms were Escherichia coli (22%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Acinetobacter baumannii complex (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (9%), and Enterococcus spp. (6%). Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was observed in 56% of E. coli isolates and 62% of K. pneumoniae isolates. For carbapenems, resistance rates were 14% in E. coli, 24% in K. pneumoniae, 28% in P. aeruginosa, and 46% in A. baumannii. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was detected in 48% of Enterobacterales. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) accounted for 36% of S. aureus isolates. Overall MDR (resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes) prevalence was 39%. Intensive care unit (ICU) isolates had significantly higher MDR rates (58%) compared to general wards (31%) (p<0.001). This study reveals high rates of resistance among common HAI pathogens, particularly Gram-negative organisms and ICU isolates. Strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, targeted infection control measures, and continual local surveillance are essential to optimize empirical therapy and limit AMR spread.

Wound infection is a significant health problem in many parts of the world especially, Africa. It complicates the recovery of the patient, increases trauma care, prolongs hospital stay and has economic consequences on the patient. This study was aimed to isolate, Identify and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of some bacteria associated with deterioration of infected wound in Kano State, Northern Nigeria. The study involved 170 patients attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano for treatment of infected wound. Isolation and identification of the isolates was conducted using standard microbiological techniques. The bacteria isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the agar disk diffusion method. The results showed that total of 6 different species were identified. S. aureus has the highest frequency with total of occurrence 90 (26.9%), followed by Pseudomonas with total frequency of 66 representing (20.3%), then E. coli with frequency of 54 (16.1%). Klebsiella, S. epidermidis and Proteus spp has percentage occurrence of 15.2%, 12.5% and 09.0% respectively. Generally, antibiotic resistivity of isolates to commonly used antibiotics was low; the results showed that 15 out of 355 isolates were multidrug resistant representing 4.5%. Ciprofloxacin, Augmentin and Gentamycin. It is concluded that several bacteria were responsible for wound infection.

Climate change central and southern Iraq, for instance, has the rise of mean and minimum temperatures, changed precipitation regimes, more droughts, and extreme events with high intensity. Consequently, the ecological conditions that govern the population of Phlebotomus sandflies and disease transmission dynamics of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis have also been affected. This review provides a summary of the latest evidence on the mechanistic pathways that connect climate drivers to the physiology of the sandfly, the formation of the microhabitat, the dynamics of the reservoir host, and the human exposure. Furthermore, it emphasizes how these processes, through land use change, water scarcity, and sociopolitical stressors, interact to create novel risk landscapes in Iraq's drought prone governorates. An increase in temperature not only shortens but can also lengthen the period during which the vector is active seasonally, while changing rainfall and irrigation practices produce varying microhabitats which either provide refugia or serve as breeding sites that are filled up by transients or pulses, producing strong populations through short periods. Heavy rainfall occurring now and then after a long dry period can lead to short population growth, while gradual drying favors the establishment of xerictolerance Phlebotomus species and the connection between them and humans living nearby. Different studies on regional spatiotemporal and nichemodelling analyses show that there might be changes in the distribution of species and their life cycles could be extended in a way that they invade human habitats with leishmaniasis where the reservoirs are present or become local transmission areas with visceral leishmaniasis. There are still major gaps in surveillance that are critical: there is very little long term species level entomology in central and southern Iraq; molecular diagnostics and sentinel networks are not developed at all; and integrated One Health strategies are applied only sometimes in the case of humanitarian or displaced population settings. The review concludes by giving upfront, operational priorities: in high risk microhabitats, set up sentinel entomological sites, make climate driven early warning indicators operational, increase moleculary species and parasite diagnostics, apply targeted One Health reservoir interventions, and test climate triggered response packages in high risk governorates. Coordinated research and policy action are urgent. Without such measures, ongoing warming and resource stress will increasingly favor vector persistence and localized leishmaniasis emergence in Iraq’s droughtprone heartlands.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common complications of pregnancy, contributing to maternal and neonatal morbidity. This study investigated the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial uropathogens among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 204 midstream urine samples were processed using standard microbiological methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The prevalence of UTI was 32.8%, with significantly higher infection rates among women with no formal education (59.1%), a history of previous UTI (55.6%), multigravida women (40.4%), and housewives (28.8%) (p < 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate, followed by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis. High resistance was observed against amoxicillin-clavulanate, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole, while gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin were more effective. UTIs remain prevalent in pregnancy, and the emergence of resistance underscores the need for routine culture and antibiotic stewardship.

Background: Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder that induces cytological alterations in the airways and oral mucosa. Persistent inflammation and long-term inhalation therapy may contribute to epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and atypia. Objective: To assess cytological changes in sputum and buccal smears among chronic asthmatic patients in Shendi, Sudan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 60 chronic asthmatic patients and 60 matched healthy controls. Sputum and buccal smears were collected, stained using the Papanicolaou technique, and examined microscopically. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Nuclear atypia, inflammation, infection, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and prenuclear halos were significantly more frequent in sputum samples from asthmatic patients compared with controls (p < 0.001). Buccal smears showed increased inflammation and infection among patients, particularly those on long-term inhaled therapy, while nuclear atypia was not statistically significant. Poor housing conditions and positive family history were strongly associated with asthma prevalence. Conclusion: Chronic asthma is linked to marked cytological alterations in sputum and, to a lesser extent, buccal mucosa. These findings highlight the role of cytological screening as a simple and cost-effective tool for evaluating cellular changes in asthmatic patients.

In general, plants are the primary host for the Penicillium fungus, which can cause a variety of diseases and losses. Additionally, some species are useful to us in a variety of sectors and the manufacture of antibiotics; nevertheless, in this study, the Penicillium fungus was isolated from sick cases of individuals suffering from diabetes, implying that it took advantage of immunity. A small percentage of these patients may experience isolation repeatedly. PCR testing is the most popular technique for finding fungal DNA in clinical materials. In this study, the genus Penicillium was identified through phenotypic analysis under a microscope. Genetic diagnosis confirmed this identification as Penicillium limosum. Products of the polymerase reaction were given in multiplexed DNA. The nitrogenous base sequence was discovered by sequencing isolated specimens from diabetic patients through the Korean Macro gene Company. The fungal isolates have been added to the Global GenBank.

Salmonella is one microorganism in which resistant serotypes have emerged because of the widespread use of antibiotics. The study was aimed to determine the prevalence of TEM 1 gene in multidrug resistance salmonella species isolated from diarrheogenic patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano. Standard microbiological techniques were employed for isolation and identification of Salmonella. Disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Molecular techniques was used for detection of TEM 1 resistant gene in multidrug resistant isolates. The result showed 22 out of 170 samples were positive for Salmonella spp which accounted for 12.9%. Higher incidence of Salmonella was found among subjects of age between 21 – 30 years. Salmonella spp were highly resistant to ampicillin (86.4%), streptomycin and gentamicin (77.3%) each, chloramphenicol (72.7%) and augmentin (61.2%). Less resistant was recorded by ciprofloxacin (27.3%), tetracycline and erythromycin 36.4% each. Based on the activity of the antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin were the most effective antibiotics while ampicillin, streptomycin and gentamicin were less effective. From the result, 8 (36.4%) isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics tested while 14 (63.6%) of the isolates were resistant to less than three antibiotics. The gel electrophoresis results for the PCR products obtained for detection of TEM-1 gene for each of the 8 Salmonella isolates showed 6 (75%) out of the 8 multidrug resistant showed presence of TEM-1 gene at 296bp. It is concluded that TEM-1 gene was one of the gene responsible drug resistant in Salmonella.