Intradermal nevi are common benign melanocytic lesions; however, their occurrence in anatomically distinct locations such as the breast may present diagnostic challenges due to site-specific histological variations. Pigmented lesions in the breast region, particularly in the nipple–areola complex, often raise clinical suspicion for malignancy, necessitating careful evaluation and histopathological assessment. Such lesions may occasionally be detected incidentally during evaluation or surgical management of unrelated breast conditions. We report a rare case of an intradermal nevus identified incidentally in the skin overlying a benign breast lump in a middle-aged female, representing a nevus of special site. Histopathological examination revealed classic features of an intradermal nevus, including dermal confinement of nevus cells, progressive maturation, and absence of cytologic atypia or mitotic activity. Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse positivity for S100 protein, confirming melanocytic origin. Awareness of nevi of special sites and their characteristic histological features is essential to avoid misdiagnosis as melanoma and prevent unnecessary aggressive management.

This review examines the critical challenge of evolving animal virus resistance to vaccines, a phenomenon threatening veterinary medicine, global food security, and public health. While effective for controlling bacterial diseases, vaccination against rapidly mutating RNA viruses often imposes strong selective pressures, driving the emergence of antigenic variants that evade host immunity. These vaccines escape mutants, evidenced in viruses like canine parvovirus (CPV), avian influenza (AIV), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), lead to outbreaks in vaccinated populations and complicate disease management. The paper elucidates the mechanisms behind this resistance, primarily genetic mutations in antigenic sites and sophisticated immune evasion strategies, which enable viruses to circumvent neutralization by vaccine-induced antibodies. It critically evaluates the limitations of current vaccine technologies, including inactivated, live-attenuated, and subunit vaccines, noting that imperfect immunity can inadvertently promote the selection of resistant strains. To address this ongoing evolutionary arms race, the authors advocate for a paradigm shift in vaccine design. They propose leveraging advanced technologies such as viral vector platforms, structural biology, and predictive modeling to develop next-generation vaccines targeting conserved epitopes. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the necessity of global surveillance programs to monitor viral evolution in real-time and calls for a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to create more robust and future-proof vaccination strategies, thereby mitigating the risk of vaccine-driven viral and ensuring long term efficacy.

Street vended foods are widely enjoyed because they are inexpensive, easy accessible and flavorful. However, poor hygiene during their preparation and handling can lead to contamination by harmful and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, 30 street food samples were collected and tested, including momos (n=10), manchurian (n=10), and noodles (n=10). The results showed that all the samples were contaminated with S. aureus while Pseudomonas sp. was only found in the momos samples. No Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. were detected in any of the samples. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that most of the isolates were found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefpodoxime, gentamicin, meropenem, doxycycline hydrochloride, amikacin, and tobramycin. On the other hand, a significant level of resistance was observed against ampicillin and ceftazidime in both S. aureus and Pseudomonas isolates. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in street-vended foods points to poor hygiene practices and poses a serious risk to public health. To prevent the spread of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens, regular microbial quality monitoring, improved hygiene practices, and appropriate use of antibiotics are essential.

Wound infections are significant challenge in clinical practice, predominantly caused by bacterial colonization, which delay healing and increase patient morbidity. This study aimed to isolate, identify and determine the antibiotics susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from wound of patients attending Ahmad Sani Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital, Gusau. Fifty wound samples were collected and processed microbiologically including culture, gram staining, biochemical test and serological test. The antibiotics susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer’s disc diffusion method. The bacterial species isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The antibiotics susceptibility testing consistently yielded high susceptibility to amikacin across all the bacterial isolates, indicating the effectiveness of amikacin towards each isolate. However, high resistance was observed against meropenem across all the isolated species, posing a significant challenge in the effective management of wound infections. These findings highlight the prevalence of bacterial pathogens in wound infections and emphasize the growing challenge of antibiotics resistance, particularly to meropenem.

This study identified isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, obtained the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA isolates and also determined the prevalence of MRSA strains from various wound samples collected from patients in Kano central, Kano State. Identification of Staphylococcus species in the present study was based on Gram staining, cultural characteristics and biochemical characterization. The isolates were positive for catalase, coagulase and DNase test. The findings revealed that out of 217 total samples tested, S. aureus was detected in 77 (35.48%), while Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in only 4 (1.84%) of the cases. Among the hospitals, S. aureus prevalence was highest at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital (38.89%), followed by National Orthopedic Hospital Dala (42.59%), and lowest at Dawakin Kudu General Hospital (26.03%). Further investigation into antibiotic resistance patterns showed varying levels of resistance among the tested isolates showed highest resistance was observed against Amoxicillin (50.65%), Chloramphenicol (46.75%), and Ciprofloxacin (44.16%), while Oxacillin and Cefoxitin (5.19%) had the lowest resistance, which aligns with their role in MRSA screening. Molecular analysis for methicillin resistance genes (mecA and mecC) in the present study revealed that 50% of tested isolates carried the mecA gene, while 25% harbored mecC, and no isolates contained both genes simultaneously.

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, sickle cell anemia management heavily relies on blood transfusions, exposing patients to transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) such as HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis. As patients transition into adolescence, they face severe behavioral risks and a potential cognitive "knowledge-do gap." This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of TTIs and evaluate Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) dynamics among sickle cell children and adolescents in Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbujimayi. Biological screening for HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV-1/2, and syphilis antibodies was performed using immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Concurrently, a standardized KAP questionnaire was administered to adolescents to assess viral risk awareness, vaccination misconceptions, and behavioral exposure factors. Results: The study revealed a high seroprevalence of TTIs among sickle cell patients in Mbujimayi. Unlike recent data from Kinshasa, a statistically significant linear correlation was established between cumulative transfusion load and viral seropositivity (p < 0.05), highlighting peripheral blood safety vulnerabilities. The KAP assessment unveiled a severe information asymmetry: over 90% awareness regarding HIV/AIDS contrasted with a critical knowledge deficit and vaccine misconceptions regarding HBV and HCV. While general schooling did not influence TTI awareness, targeted clinical education delivered by physicians significantly reduced diagnostic refusal and enhanced peer-education readiness. However, a persistent "knowledge-do gap" was identified, as many adolescents maintained high-risk community and sexual practices despite having theoretical knowledge. Conclusion: Sickle cell patients in Mbujimayi bear a heavy dual burden of genetic illness and iatrogenic viral risk. Addressing this requires upgrading peripheral blood screening technologies, integrating systematic viral testing into clinical guidelines, and deploying clinician-led peer-education strategies to bridge the cognitive-behavioral gap during adolescent transition.

The present cross-sectional study addresses the molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strains isolated from pneumonia patients, recruited from Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital from January 2025 to May 2025, regarding the presence of some carbapenemase and extended spectrum β -lactamase (ESBL) resistance genes using conventional polymerase chain reaction. Biochemical profile (VITEK2 system) and molecular identification (16S rRNA gene sequence analysis) of the isolated clinical strains confirmed their affiliation to K. pneumoniae sensu stricto with 20% prevalence among the cohort study patients. ESBL resistant genes showed frequency of occurrence 55, 70, and 75% for blaCTX-M8, blaTEM, and blaSHV, respectively. Serine Carbapenemase (Class A) exhibited 5 and 50% frequency of occurrence for blaKPC and blaIMI, respectively. MBL (Metallo-β-lactamase, Class B) – Carbapenemase displayed 5, 5, 10, and 50% for blaIMP, blaGIM, blaVIM, and blaNDM, respectively. Class D Carbapenemases showed 60% frequency of occurrence for blaOXA-48. Finally, the rCSA carbapenemase exhibited 90% frequency of occurrence. The current findings evidence an alarming increase regarding the circulation of ESBL and carbapenemase resistant genes harbored by K. pneumoniae sensu stricto clinical strains in the Al-Diwaniyah region. These findings underline a crucial obligation to re-evaluate the practical antimicrobial therapy approaches targeting pulmonary diseases caused by K. pneumoniae clinical strains in the Al-Diwaniyah region, to fight the growing circulation of ESBL and carbapenemase producing K. pneumoniae clinical strains.