This study identified isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, obtained the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA isolates and also determined the prevalence of MRSA strains from various wound samples collected from patients in Kano central, Kano State. Identification of Staphylococcus species in the present study was based on Gram staining, cultural characteristics and biochemical characterization. The isolates were positive for catalase, coagulase and DNase test. The findings revealed that out of 217 total samples tested, S. aureus was detected in 77 (35.48%), while Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was present in only 4 (1.84%) of the cases. Among the hospitals, S. aureus prevalence was highest at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital (38.89%), followed by National Orthopedic Hospital Dala (42.59%), and lowest at Dawakin Kudu General Hospital (26.03%). Further investigation into antibiotic resistance patterns showed varying levels of resistance among the tested isolates showed highest resistance was observed against Amoxicillin (50.65%), Chloramphenicol (46.75%), and Ciprofloxacin (44.16%), while Oxacillin and Cefoxitin (5.19%) had the lowest resistance, which aligns with their role in MRSA screening. Molecular analysis for methicillin resistance genes (mecA and mecC) in the present study revealed that 50% of tested isolates carried the mecA gene, while 25% harbored mecC, and no isolates contained both genes simultaneously.

Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, sickle cell anemia management heavily relies on blood transfusions, exposing patients to transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) such as HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis. As patients transition into adolescence, they face severe behavioral risks and a potential cognitive "knowledge-do gap." This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of TTIs and evaluate Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) dynamics among sickle cell children and adolescents in Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mbujimayi. Biological screening for HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV-1/2, and syphilis antibodies was performed using immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Concurrently, a standardized KAP questionnaire was administered to adolescents to assess viral risk awareness, vaccination misconceptions, and behavioral exposure factors. Results: The study revealed a high seroprevalence of TTIs among sickle cell patients in Mbujimayi. Unlike recent data from Kinshasa, a statistically significant linear correlation was established between cumulative transfusion load and viral seropositivity (p < 0.05), highlighting peripheral blood safety vulnerabilities. The KAP assessment unveiled a severe information asymmetry: over 90% awareness regarding HIV/AIDS contrasted with a critical knowledge deficit and vaccine misconceptions regarding HBV and HCV. While general schooling did not influence TTI awareness, targeted clinical education delivered by physicians significantly reduced diagnostic refusal and enhanced peer-education readiness. However, a persistent "knowledge-do gap" was identified, as many adolescents maintained high-risk community and sexual practices despite having theoretical knowledge. Conclusion: Sickle cell patients in Mbujimayi bear a heavy dual burden of genetic illness and iatrogenic viral risk. Addressing this requires upgrading peripheral blood screening technologies, integrating systematic viral testing into clinical guidelines, and deploying clinician-led peer-education strategies to bridge the cognitive-behavioral gap during adolescent transition.

The present cross-sectional study addresses the molecular epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strains isolated from pneumonia patients, recruited from Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital from January 2025 to May 2025, regarding the presence of some carbapenemase and extended spectrum β -lactamase (ESBL) resistance genes using conventional polymerase chain reaction. Biochemical profile (VITEK2 system) and molecular identification (16S rRNA gene sequence analysis) of the isolated clinical strains confirmed their affiliation to K. pneumoniae sensu stricto with 20% prevalence among the cohort study patients. ESBL resistant genes showed frequency of occurrence 55, 70, and 75% for blaCTX-M8, blaTEM, and blaSHV, respectively. Serine Carbapenemase (Class A) exhibited 5 and 50% frequency of occurrence for blaKPC and blaIMI, respectively. MBL (Metallo-β-lactamase, Class B) – Carbapenemase displayed 5, 5, 10, and 50% for blaIMP, blaGIM, blaVIM, and blaNDM, respectively. Class D Carbapenemases showed 60% frequency of occurrence for blaOXA-48. Finally, the rCSA carbapenemase exhibited 90% frequency of occurrence. The current findings evidence an alarming increase regarding the circulation of ESBL and carbapenemase resistant genes harbored by K. pneumoniae sensu stricto clinical strains in the Al-Diwaniyah region. These findings underline a crucial obligation to re-evaluate the practical antimicrobial therapy approaches targeting pulmonary diseases caused by K. pneumoniae clinical strains in the Al-Diwaniyah region, to fight the growing circulation of ESBL and carbapenemase producing K. pneumoniae clinical strains.

Background: Recently, green nanotechnology has emerged as a sustainable approach for producing metallic nanoparticles using phytochemicals. Objective: This study investigates the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using extracts from roots of Angelica glauca and Paeonia suffruticosa plants, and evaluates their structural properties, antimicrobial activity, and anticancer potential. Methodology: The silver nanoparticles were synthesized via plant-based reduction of silver nitrate and characterized by using several technologies. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar-well diffusion assay, anticancer activity against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was also evaluated. Results: GC–MS analysis of Paeonia suffruticosa extract revealed several bioactive phytochemicals. The results showed a color change from light yellow to dark brown, indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles. The absorption peak at approximately 420-440 nm, obtained from spectrophotometric analysis, confirmed the synthesis of these nanoparticles. The presence of strong, broad (FTIR) peaks also indicated the presence of hydroxyl (OH) groups. SEM & TEM results showed that most of the synthesized nanoparticles had an angular spherical structure and ranged in size from 30 to 98 nm. Bioactivity assays have shown that plant-derived silver nanoparticles exhibit significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, outperforming crude extracts alone. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles synthesized using Angelica glauca and Paeonia suffruticosa root extracts represent versatile nanomaterials with potent antimicrobial and anticancer capabilities. Their properties point to promising prospects for future biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

One of the most worldwide causer of severe gastroenteritis is Norovirus. This research will highlight the evaluating and relationship between Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and micronutrients (Vitamin A and Iron) levels in the serum of norovirus-infected patients compared with healthy controls. The total of samples is 103, the number of patients who are really infected by Norovirus was 62 whom aged 1–71 years while the total of healthy controls is 20; samples were collected during February 2026 in Tikrit hospitals. Results showed that IL-12 levels were significantly raised in patients, whereas Vitamin A and iron levels were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) exception to this, two samples their Iron levels in serum somehow were elevated. The analysis program (One-way ANOVA) shown greatly significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.001). Effect size investigation had also presented large to very large effects (η² = 0.34–0.51). No correlations were saw between IL-12 and both Vitamin A or iron. These conclusions propose that activation of immune system for the duration of norovirus infection is powerfully associated with micronutrient exhaustion.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterial pathogenic organism which distributed widely in several countries including Iraq, among a broad range of environmental and animal reservoirs as cattle. In last decades, this bacterium has gained an increasing attention due to its role as an emerging foodborne pathogen within the context of globalized food supply chains and antimicrobial resistance. Hence, this stud aims to isolate Y. enterocolitica from the diarrheic cattle, preparation of bacterial ghosts (BGs) from this bacterium and experimental evaluation its efficiency in stimulating immune response in mice. Initially, fresh feces were obtained from 87 diarrheic cattle at Al-Diwaniyah city (Al-Qadisiya, Iraq) during November (2023)-May (2024), and processed to isolate Y. enterocolitica strain that used to preparation stocks of Y. enterocolitica ghosts (YEGs). Then, a total of 30 mice were selected and divided into NCG (not injected YEGs), SCG (mice injected an adjuvant YEGs (70μg/100μl), subcutaneously), and IMG (mice injected an adjuvant YEGs (70μg/100μl), intramuscularly). The mice were injected once at 0, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of study experiments. Then, blood samples were drained from all study mice to pipette sera for serologicy using ELISA to measurement the levels of serum IL-1, IL-2, and IFN-. Our findings revealed that 16.09% of study cattle were positively infected by In Y. enterocolitica. Experimentally, the findings of IL-1 were shown a significant reduction in values of SCG (11.99±2.38pg/ml) but insignificant variation (p>0.05) in values of IMG (59.74±12.2pg/ml) in comparison to values of NCG (61.68±12.38pg/ml). Concerning IL-2, values of experimental groups, SCG (8.98±1.24pg/mL) and IMG (8.11±1.44pg/mL) were obviously greater than NCG (2.92±0.32pg/mL). Significant elevation of IFN- was recorded in experimental groups, SCG (282.61±28.3pg/mL) and IMG (370.24±20.5pg/mL), when compared to values of NCG (104.30±25.4pg/mL). Among experimentally groups, values of IMG were much more than SCG.This study indicated the robust adjuvant properties of YEGs as a vaccine in inducing of immune response and enhancing of immunogenicity, making them potent stimulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the causative leishmania species of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, a central regin in Iraq using molecular technique. Methods: Twenty clinically suspected cases were collected from patients who visited Al-Diwaniyah Hospital during the period between January and April 2024. Initial diagnosis was performed using Giemsa stained microscopy and parasite culture on RPMI-1640 medium. Molecular characterization was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene, followed by DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis to determine species identity and genetic relationships. Results: All samples were confirmed to be infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Molecular analysis of the cytochrome b gene revealed that the isolates were Leishmania tropica. With limited nucleotide variation, it did reveal minor amino acid differences, leading to the classification of the isolates into three groups. Conclusion: The results confirm that Leishmania tropica is the predominant causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area. The study highlights the importance of molecular diagnostics for accurate identification of the parasite.