One of the most worldwide causer of severe gastroenteritis is Norovirus. This research will highlight the evaluating and relationship between Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and micronutrients (Vitamin A and Iron) levels in the serum of norovirus-infected patients compared with healthy controls. The total of samples is 103, the number of patients who are really infected by Norovirus was 62 whom aged 1–71 years while the total of healthy controls is 20; samples were collected during February 2026 in Tikrit hospitals. Results showed that IL-12 levels were significantly raised in patients, whereas Vitamin A and iron levels were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) exception to this, two samples their Iron levels in serum somehow were elevated. The analysis program (One-way ANOVA) shown greatly significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.001). Effect size investigation had also presented large to very large effects (η² = 0.34–0.51). No correlations were saw between IL-12 and both Vitamin A or iron. These conclusions propose that activation of immune system for the duration of norovirus infection is powerfully associated with micronutrient exhaustion.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterial pathogenic organism which distributed widely in several countries including Iraq, among a broad range of environmental and animal reservoirs as cattle. In last decades, this bacterium has gained an increasing attention due to its role as an emerging foodborne pathogen within the context of globalized food supply chains and antimicrobial resistance. Hence, this stud aims to isolate Y. enterocolitica from the diarrheic cattle, preparation of bacterial ghosts (BGs) from this bacterium and experimental evaluation its efficiency in stimulating immune response in mice. Initially, fresh feces were obtained from 87 diarrheic cattle at Al-Diwaniyah city (Al-Qadisiya, Iraq) during November (2023)-May (2024), and processed to isolate Y. enterocolitica strain that used to preparation stocks of Y. enterocolitica ghosts (YEGs). Then, a total of 30 mice were selected and divided into NCG (not injected YEGs), SCG (mice injected an adjuvant YEGs (70μg/100μl), subcutaneously), and IMG (mice injected an adjuvant YEGs (70μg/100μl), intramuscularly). The mice were injected once at 0, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of study experiments. Then, blood samples were drained from all study mice to pipette sera for serologicy using ELISA to measurement the levels of serum IL-1, IL-2, and IFN-. Our findings revealed that 16.09% of study cattle were positively infected by In Y. enterocolitica. Experimentally, the findings of IL-1 were shown a significant reduction in values of SCG (11.99±2.38pg/ml) but insignificant variation (p>0.05) in values of IMG (59.74±12.2pg/ml) in comparison to values of NCG (61.68±12.38pg/ml). Concerning IL-2, values of experimental groups, SCG (8.98±1.24pg/mL) and IMG (8.11±1.44pg/mL) were obviously greater than NCG (2.92±0.32pg/mL). Significant elevation of IFN- was recorded in experimental groups, SCG (282.61±28.3pg/mL) and IMG (370.24±20.5pg/mL), when compared to values of NCG (104.30±25.4pg/mL). Among experimentally groups, values of IMG were much more than SCG.This study indicated the robust adjuvant properties of YEGs as a vaccine in inducing of immune response and enhancing of immunogenicity, making them potent stimulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the causative leishmania species of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, a central regin in Iraq using molecular technique. Methods: Twenty clinically suspected cases were collected from patients who visited Al-Diwaniyah Hospital during the period between January and April 2024. Initial diagnosis was performed using Giemsa stained microscopy and parasite culture on RPMI-1640 medium. Molecular characterization was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene, followed by DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis to determine species identity and genetic relationships. Results: All samples were confirmed to be infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Molecular analysis of the cytochrome b gene revealed that the isolates were Leishmania tropica. With limited nucleotide variation, it did reveal minor amino acid differences, leading to the classification of the isolates into three groups. Conclusion: The results confirm that Leishmania tropica is the predominant causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area. The study highlights the importance of molecular diagnostics for accurate identification of the parasite.

Camel meat is extensively consumed across various regions" especially in the Middle East. Klebsiella Pneumoniae screening was performed on 100 camel meat samples from Diwaniyah, Iraq, slaughterhouses. Foodborne Klebsiella Pneumoniae was associated with multiple complications. The investigation revealed this bacterium in 38% of the samples"m Many isolates were tetracycline and ampicillin resistant. Testing indicated that gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem were more effective against isolates. They tested the isolates' pathogenicity and resistance genes with PCR. The ecp A adhesin-encoding gene found in several isolates78.9%, Many isolates have the blaNDM gene26.3%, during the research and khe hemolysin gene 57.9%. Most isolates resist to Tetracycline and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole The research emphasizes food antibiotic resistance monitoring and animal processing and slaughter hygiene. Public health and infectious disease prevention rely on it. Viral and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae in camel meat needs more research. The research stresses the need of food antibiotic resistance monitoring and meat processing and slaughter sanitation. Public health and foodborne disease prevention rely on this. More study is needed on viral and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae in camels.

Body builder tend to use high protein diet to produce optimum skeletal muscle hypertrophy. This study was conducted during the period from November 2024 to March 2025. During this period, 40 samples were collected from patients at Al-Qasim General Hospital and private clinics the city of Babylon, encompassing form male of varying ages between (20 - 40) year. The samples were divided to four groups (G1 control, G2 natural, G3 take artificial protein (nutritional supplements) G4 takes artificial hormones). Results showed that the values Analyses were conducted. The impact of high protein diet on renal functioning test and cholesterol, Triglycerides, PCV Serum creatinine and urea were significantly high in bodybuilders using high protein intake, and urea was reduced significantly as compared to the control group. We notice a gradual increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and HDL from group A to D. This means clear differences in lipid indicators between the groups. This means changing the diet and body activity. This is related to the triglyceride table. As for PCV we only notice an increase in group D compared to the rest of the groups. This means a clear effect when taking the uses. In contrast, in the remaining groups, we do not notice the effect. When using synthetic protein and hormone injections, we notice a significant increase in liver enzymes, which reflects a negative effect on liver function. A significant increase in the level of creatine and urea in the serum of bodybuilders who consumed a high percentage of protein was observed, while the level of urea decreased significantly in comparison control.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is caused by protozoan parasites in a genus. Understanding of the host immune response and genetic vulnerability is significant in the development of a successful methodology of treatment. Aim: To investigate the cellular immune system of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Maysan Governorate, southern Iraq according to the hematological parameters, cytokine concentrations and the HLA type patterns. Methodology: It was an analytical study that was a descriptive study and comprised of 60 confirmed patients. The analysis of complete blood count, cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10) measurement, and HLA typing were conducted using PCR-SSP. Results: The majority of the patients exhibited normal hematological parameters with minimal to slight inflammatory indicative parameters reflected by a slight increase in white blood cells. Parasite regulation was linked to high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α and the partial regulation was linked to high levels of IL-10. The better immune response was related to the HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-B*35:01 as determined by HLA allele analysis was carried out. These findings suggests of a crucial role played by genetic factors in the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis; the cellular immune reaction is modulated by genetic factors that are denoted in terms of HLA alleles. Conclusion: The study elucidates host-parasite interactions in an endemic area and also underlines the significance of incorporating hematological, immunological and genetic tests to comprehend the severity of the disease and optimize disease control strategies.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) can result in systemic inflammatory reactions that could disrupt endocrine and placental physiology in the course of pregnancy. The presence of the key pregnancy-supportive hormones, which are critical to keep the gestation and placental activity, includes progesterone, estradiol, and 2-human chorionic gonadotropin (2-hCG), whereas cortisol and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) indicates the maternal stress and thyroid-regulatory pathways. Although the evidence of COVID-19-induced changes in physiological changes is accumulating, the impact of severe infection on maternal hormonal profiles during pregnancy is not defined well enough. Aim: This research was meant to assess the effect of severe COVID-19 on chosen maternal hormonal parameters in second-trimester pregnant women. Methods: The study was a hospital-based case-control study carried out at Al -Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital in Dhi Qar Province in the year 2020. It involved 200 pregnant women between the ages of 25 and 40 years with a gestation period of 1620 weeks. The sample was split into two groups of which 100 women were confirmed to have severe COVID-19 that needed oxygen therapy and 100 healthy pregnant controls. Each of the participants was a singleton, with comparable body weight (73 75 kg), and chronic disease or thyroid disorders were excluded. Blood samples were taken to the venous blood used to measure serum progesterone, estradiol (E2), 8-hcg, cortisol and TSH concentrations in the serum by the use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) kit. The levels of hormones in the infected group were measured about one month after infection and statistical comparisons with the appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests were conducted on the levels. Results: The women with the worst cases of COVID-19 had much lower progesterone, estradiol and 2-hCG levels than the controls. On the other hand, the levels of cortisol were dramatically increased in the infected group, whereas the levels of TSH have decreased slightly but significantly. Conclusions: Major endocrine changes in severe COVID-19 in the second trimester comprise low placental hormones, high cortisol, and low TSH. These results indicate possible effects of a serious case of viral infection on placental endocrine functions and maternal stress mechanisms, and hormonal surveillance of such pregnancies is critical.