Plants produce numerous biological chemicals of various types. Phytochemicals found in plants seek to reduce the damage free radicals cause because they are abundant in vegetables and fruits. Plants containing high levels of useful phytochemicals in their composition provide dietary supplements that defend our bodies from free radicals. The purpose of this investigation involved analyzing the phytochemicals as well as GC-MS and FTIR properties found in aerial portions extracted with ethanol from Foeniculum vulgare. An electric power grinder chopped the Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts following shade drying at room temperature until they reached the ground state. A Soxhlet extractor worked with 250 ml of ethanol for the extraction of 50 g powdered plant leaves. The prepared mixture needed filtering through whatman paper. The analysis using GCMS determined the bio-active compounds found in Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts that were extracted with ethanol according to this research. Chemicals with biological activity, like β-Pinene, pentadecanoic acid, γ-Terpinene, (R)-(-)-alpha-Phellandrene, Thymol, L-Fenchone, (-)-beta-Copaene, (E)-beta-ocimene, trans-Anethole, beta-Copaene, Dipentene, (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene, oleic acid, n-Octadecane, Behenic acid, alpha-Linolenic acid, n-Capric acid, and palmitic acid. FTIR spectrum indicates the presence of O-H group (alcohol), carboxylic acid, amine, Sulphur derivatives, amino acid, and nitro - compounds among others as recorded (667.37, 69.147, Strong, =C–H, Bending, Alkenes), (894.97, 82.045, Strong, =C–H, Bending, Alkenes), (1029.99, 61.548, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1238.30, 81.092, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1317.38, 81.874, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1373.32, 81. 514, Strong, C-F, Stretch, alkyl halides), (1519.91, 82.843, Medium, C=C, Stretch, Aromatic), (1616.35, 77.669, Bending, N-H, Stretch, Amide), (1743.65, 87.838, Strong, C=O, Stretch, Ester), (2852.72, 87.591, Strong, C-H, Stretch, Alkane), (2920.23, 83.176, Strong, C-H, Stretch, Alkane). The antioxidant activity was measured using leaves extract (Crude, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol Hexane, Water fraction and Lipoic acid (standard)) from Foeniculum vulgare which revealed 68.48 ± 5.30, 55.33 ± 4.91, 52.21 ± 4.83, 53.85 ± 4.40, 62.79 ± 5.00, and Lipoic acid (standard) 52.45 ± 1.13 values. The leaves extract (Crude, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol Hexane, Water fraction and Ascorbic acid (standard)) of Foeniculum vulgare tested for antioxidant activity (Hypochlorous acid scavenging) yielded results of 118.89 ± 6.15, 122.09 ± 6.17, 126.13 ± 6.82, 133.41 ± 7.00, 144.25 ± 7.63 and Ascorbic acid (standard) 220.89 ± 10.91.

Spices and herbs function as antioxidants to extend lipid peroxidation protection in biological environments. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) stands as an essential spice because its dried seeds serve both culinary purposes in beverages and food additives and medicinal applications. The soxhelt extraction method yielded fenugreek extracts through extraction with the solvents methanol, ethanol, hexane and ethyl acetate. FT-IR peak values of solid analysis of Trigonella foenum-graecum were Peak (Wave number cm-ˡ), Intensity, Corr. Area, Type of Intensity, Bond, Type of Vibration, and Functional group assignment (667.37, 69.147, 0.063, Strong, =C–H, Bending, and Alkenes), (894.97, 82.045, 0.030, Strong, =C–H, and Alkenes), (1029.99, 61.548, 10.810, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides), (1238.30, 81.092, 0.042, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides),(1317.38, 81.874, 0.136, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides), (1373.32, 81. 514, 0.008, Strong, C-F, Stretch, and alkyl halides),( 1519.91, 82.843, 0.127, Medium, C=C, Stretch, Aromatic), (1616.35, 77.669, 0.027, Bending, N-H, Stretch, Amide),( 1743.65, 87.838, 0.667, Strong, C=O, Stretch, and Ester), (2852.72, 87.591, 0.191, Strong, C-H, Stretch, and Alkane),( 2920.23, 83.176, 0.812, Strong, C-H, Stretch, and Alkane). Radical scavenging activities of Trigonella foenum-graecum Crude (methanolic extract), Ethanol fraction, and Quercetin (standard) recorded 23.68±1.13, 34.68±1.35 and 48.11±2.15 for Superoxide radical scavenging. At the same time recorded 41.07±2.08, 30.45±2.67 and Curcumin (standard) 95.00±4.07 for Nitric oxide radical scavenging. Anti-Diabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) Inhibitory potential recorded (99.35±3.71, 44.34±1.26 and 20.73±0.11) respectively inhibitory potency against α-amylase. While recorded (73.45±2.11, 52.08±1.96 and 17.93±0.08) respectively inhibitory potency against α-glucosidase activity. Among the components responsible for fenugreek seed hypoglycemic activity stands fenugreek galactomannan. One of the beneficial antidiabetic compounds found in fenugreek seed is the fenugreek galactomannan component. Research shows that fenugreek galactomannan possesses blood glucose reducing ability yet lacks strong support from peripheral glucose uptake and antioxidant effect mechanisms. The rise in liver glycogen content through fenugreek galactomannan administration suggests enhanced glycogenesis whereas reduced glycogenolysis; therefore it likely causes liver glycogenesis increase and/or glycogenolysis decrease in diabetic rats. Studies have confirmed that seed alcoholic solutions help maintain enzyme activities from carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at near typical values.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to remove various amounts of heavy metal salts, such as nickel and cobalt chloride, from aquatic plants, specifically Elodea Canadensis and Myriophyllum verticillatum, over the course of a month. The findings of the investigation demonstrated that the components' concentrations in the test aquatic plants rose towards the conclusion of the study in a manner distinct from that of the control sample.