Background: Refractive errors is the most common cause of visual impairment among school-aged students, forming a raising trend all over the world, reflecting negative impact on the achievement of two vital global indicators of development in the form of education and health. not Much existing new dated data on school-aged students refractive errors prevalence in Iraq were gathered to Understand prevalence of refractive errors which is vital to reduce the consequences of uncorrected refractive error as its most common causes are avoidable by early diagnosis and treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors among secondary school students in Baghdad, Iraq. Method: a school-based descriptive cross-sectional study of 68 students (aged 16-17 years) whom was selected through random sampling technique, in one randomly selected high school in Baghdad, Iraq on March, 2024 was done. Data collection was done through a self-generated questionnaire that's been answered by targeted students themselves, there was 68 respondents have been gathered, data was graphed and analyzed, pie charts and frequency tables were used to summarize the data. Results: of 60 valid respondents were gathered, 30% (18) of students complained about visual problems, known cases of refractive errors with an exception of one case, the prevalence among students of myopia was 29.41% (5), hyperopia was none, astigmatism 17.64% (3), and a combined refractive error of myopia + astigmatism of 52.94% (9), a 66.66% (12/18) complain of negative impact on their life. Students with history of using spectacles were 28.33% (17), with a variable adherence of very good 58.82% (10), good 23.52% (4), average 5.88% (1), and poor 11.76% (2). Study shows a prevalence of compliance to annual eye examination of visual acuity of 36.66% (22). Study records an increase in time that's being spent on electronic devices with a 53.33% 3-5 hrs. period of time, and a predominance of 78.33% of smart phones being the most used, also a decreased out door time and near-vision tasks of 60% 3-5 hrs. period of time. Study shows a positive family history of refractive errors in both students parents of 26.66% (16), and in only one of them 40% (24). Conclusion: prevalence of refractive errors among Al-Harythia D.H.S students in Baghdad was high, these results suggest that lifestyle changes and prolonged near work activities may contribute to heightened eye strain. The findings provide information for screening programmes in school-aged children.

Backgrounds: diabetes mellitus is one of the most dangerous disease in human .so it's important to complaint the therapeutic plan of diabetes mellitus continuously which can reduce the complications and mortality of this disease. Aims of the Study: The aims of study is to identify the association between diabetes mellitus with complications and complaints. Methodology: A cross sectional study done to patients with diabetes mellitus from 1st February 2023 to 10th April 2023. A convenient sample of 245 patients with diabetes mellitus. Results: male and female equal percentile. The most of the sample is blood group (O) 43.3% and followed by blood group (A) is 24.9%. 22.9 % were smokers and the major of the sample were had family history of DM either by their parents or brother and sisters. Regarding the complication of the Dm we found the eye complication were 15.9%, cardiovascular complications were 8.9%, neuropathy were 16.3%, teeth complications were 10.6%, diabetic foot were 6.5%, dermatological complications were 4.1%, GIT complications were 7.8%, genital complications were 4.9%, nephropathy 11.4%, recurrent infection were 11.8% and other 5.7%. Regarding the problems of the DM thyroid were 5.7%, adrenaline were 0.8%, asthma were 6.5%. Allergy were 14,7 and autoimmune disease were 9.4%. 39.6% were go to the emergency room or lie in the hospital because of diabetes. 73.9 % were complain to treatment, 4.9 % were not complain and 21.2% were often not complain. 33.5% were complain to diet, 26.9 % were not complain and 39.6% were often not complain. 62.1% were complain to measure his sugar regularly, 10.2 % were not complain and 27.7% were often not complain. 57.5% were use pills, 28.9% were use insulin and 2.1% were use both (insulin and pills), 7.8% were use pills and now insulin and 3.7 % were only diet. Conclusions: We conclude that were association between DM and complications (eye complication, cardiovascular complications, neuropathy, teeth complications, diabetic foot, dermatological complications, GIT complications, genital complications, nephropathy, recurrent infection) and there were association between problems of the DM (thyroid, adrenaline, asthma, allergy, autoimmune disease). There were significant association between DM and complaint to medication, complaints to diet and using insulin and pills.

This review investigates the central role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, the chronic inflammatory disease underlying cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim is to summarize the current knowledge about the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis and the therapeutic strategies against inflammation. A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science articles between 2010 and December 2024. Thirty-six studies focusing on inflammatory pathways, biomarkers, and anti-inflammatory therapy for treatment in clinical trials were included in the search. The principal findings have been that oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) promotes endothelial dysfunction leading to EmD, by inducing an inflammatory cascade with monocytes, macrophages and T-cells involvement. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and TNF-α play a part in exacerbating plaque progression, with CRP used as a clinical marker. Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory therapies such as canakinumab may be beneficial in decreasing cardiovascular (CV) events but the delicate balance between efficacy and safety is yet to be established. The review points out that the therapeutic potential for the manipulation of these pathways is low-hanging fruit, but notes that gaps in the knowledge base and conflicting reports on long-term outcomes and patient-specific responses call for further research. Ongoing future strategies include personalized medicine and new antimediatory agents to enhance clinical outcome.