According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, up to 20% of women suffer from menstrual cramping severe enough to interfere with daily activities. If prostaglandins levels are higher, more pain is often associated with the cramps. Cycle length, blood loss, period-related symptoms, fluid color, and consistency are all highly variable, even for just one person. However, severe menstrual pain is likely to be caused by a health issue such as PMS, fibroids, or endometriosis and requires medical support. When researchers analyzed frequency and duration of exercise and compared it to reports of period pain, they found exercise did little to reduce discomfort, and in fact this persisted even when a range of other factors—including weight, ethnicity, smoking and use of the birth control pill—were taken into consideration. Some women may also prefer not to use hormonal contraceptives, as they can bring unwanted side-effects such as fluctuations in weight and mood. Some methods can also slightly raise the risk of certain cancers, including breast cancer (although they reduce the risk of others, including womb cancer).

The skin aging process, which is induced by environmental factors, is named premature or extrinsic skin aging process and can be distinguished from the chronologically (intrinsic) skin aging process by characteristic skin aging signs. Although human skin acts as a biological shield against pro-oxidative chemicals and physical air pollutants, prolonged or repetitive exposure to high levels of these pollutants may have profound negative effects on the skin. Gender differences in toxicity have been reported for many substances. Children are known to be more vulnerable to the adverse health effects of air pollution. Environmental pollution by traffic is also associated with the occurrence of signs of extrinsic skin aging. Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury are common air pollutants that pose health hazards due to bioaccumulation. Ozone in the stratosphere has protective effects by filtering solar UV radiation; however, in the troposphere ozone has toxic implications for skin. Due to paucity of scientific evidence, there are no established guidelines currently available for protecting the skin against air pollution. Aside from reducing exposure, potential protection strategies should focus on repairing the skin barrier, replenishing antioxidant reserve, and reducing inflammation caused by air pollutants.

India stands at the cusp of yet another public health feat. Having successfully overcome the challenges of diseases like polio, maternal and neonatal tetanus and yaws in the recent past, the country is making confident strides to triumph over measles and rubella. Viral diseases like measles and rubella even continue to flourish. MR (Measles & Rubella)-vaccine is a combination vaccine administered in a 2-dose schedule, offers protection against Measles, and Rubella. The vaccine is widely recommended by WHO and GAVI as a substitute for prevailing vaccination practices against the above mentioned diseases and viruses. Measles Rubella (MR) campaign is being launched in the country covering all children of 9 months to below 15 years of age group. The vaccine has met with positive and some little negative responses, which leads to challenges about the vaccine‘s safety and the pros and cons of the vaccine was to be evaluated carefully and ultimately time to replace the current measles primary vaccination schedule in the immunization programme first dose in 9 months, second dose in 15 to 18 months. Conclusion: Elimination of Measles and rubella in India will require a sustainable improvement in both commitment and activity of the whole country towards the WHO goals regarding MR vaccine launched into national immunization schedule.

Introduction: Substance abuse is a major health problem in Bangladesh. We examined socio-demographic characteristics of male patients with substance use disorder in drug addiction treatment center in Dhaka city. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Central Drug Addiction Treatment Center (CTC), Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2012 to June 2013. Data were collected by administrating a semi-structured questionnaire comprised of socio demographic variables, family characteristics and substance related variables. A total of 136 male patients were interviewed purposively by face to face from outpatient department of CTC. Substance use disorder was established on the basis of DSM-IV TR by the Structured instrument SCID-CV (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-1 Disorders- Clinical Version). Patients with comorbid psychiatric disorder and other organic brain disorders were not included in this study. Results: The mean age of 136 patients was 30.63±7.23; about 42% were in 26-30 years age group, most respondents (48.5%) were unemployed, 95% were Muslim, and 70% urban dwellers. About 85% (115) of the patients started their using drugs by cannabis, about 9% took Phensidyl as a first drug, about 59% (80) took more than one drugs. In this study, 76 out of 136 patients took drugs by smoking which constitute 55.9%, followed by injections (37.5%). Conclusions: Cannabis was the most common as the first illicit drug used by the patients. The result suggested that 18-30-year age group was most commonly abusing time. Preventive programs could be targeted on this age group.