Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common finding in diabetic patients. Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of DN. Early detection of microalbuminuria is very important; it allows timely interventions to prevent progression to macroalbuminuria and later end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Objectives: To determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients and establish its association with traditional serum renal markers in assessment of incipient nephropathy. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 213 participants with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending the diabetic clinic of MM Institute of MSR. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the levels of urine microalbumin, urine albumin creatinine ratio, plasma creatinine and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among type 2 diabetic patients and assessed the correlation between microalbuminuria and plasma creatinine levels. Questionnaires were used to obtain participant data after obtaining written informed consent. Data collected included: age, sex, level of education, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, hypertension, body mass index, family history, and duration of DM. Morning spot urine samples were collected from each participant and blood drawn for analysis of other renal markers. Urine microalbumin was determined quantitatively using immunoturbidity assay (Microalbumin kit, Mindray). Results: Increase in mean level of plasma creatinine (138 μmol/L), urine microalbuminuria (310 mg/L), albumin creatinine ratio (52) and HbA1c (7.9%) was observed among type 2 DM patients. Moderate positive correlation was observed between microalbuminuria and urine albumin creatinine ratio (r = 0.643 P = 0.0008) and between urine albumin creatinine ratio and plasma creatinine (r = 0.645 P = 0.032). Conclusion: We concluded that type 2 DM patients who are at risk of developing renal impairment must be regularly monitored for microalbuminuria, urine albumin creatinine ratio, and HbA1c levels.

The present study was to evaluate the phytochemical screening and anthelmintic activity of aqueous polyherbal seed extract (APSE) against Pheretima posthuma. The seeds of Helianthus annuus, Cucurbita pepo, Linum usitatissimum, Citrullus lanatus and Cucumis melo was identified and purchased from local market of Nuzvid. APSE was prepared from the dried seeds of five different seeds using the solvent water. Initially, APSE was screened for phytochemical constituents by standard methods. Further, anthelmintic study was conducted against Pheretima posthuma, collected from local Vermicomposting Farm, Nuzvid. In the phytochemical screening, APSE showed presence of glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols and tannins. In the anthelmintic study, mortality was produced in earth worm populations by APSE. The use of APSE as an anthelmintic was confirmed by using standard method against Pheretima posthuma. The results indicated that the test drug has significant anthelmintic properties. Hence, it can be concluded that the APSE can be used as a novel drug for the treatment of worm infestations.

Millions of patients present annually with chest pain, but only 10% to 15% have myocardial infarction. Lack of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of clinical and conventional markers prevents or delays treatment and leads to unnecessary costly admissions. Comparative data are lacking on the new markers, yet using all of them is inappropriate and expensive. The older markers like aspartate amino-transferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase etc. lost their utility due to lack of specificity and limited sensitivities. Cardiac troponin levels but negative CK-MB who were formerly diagnosed with unstable angina or minor myocardial injury is now reclassified as non–ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) even in the absence of diagnostic ECG changes. CK-MB is both a sensitive and specific marker for myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T is a cardio-specific, highly sensitive marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is a contractile protein exclusively present in the cardiac muscle. The absolute cardiospecificity of cTnI allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction distinct from muscle lesions and non-cardiac surgery.

Ultrasound, also known as sonography, is an imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce real-time and dynamic images of the body. Ultrasound is increasingly being used to assist Sports Medicine Physicians, Rheumatologists, Orthopedists, and Primary Care. Procedural planning prior to any procedure increases efficiency in the operative field and reduces patient discomfort. Ultrasound is commonly utilized in regenerative medicine techniques due to the ability to visualize soft tissue targets with high resolution. Ultrasound is beneficial in both diagnostic purposes and image-guidance for procedures. Understanding how to quickly optimize the ultrasound image and ergonomics for the procedure will greatly improve your procedure workflow.