Oxidative stress (OS) is the result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize and detoxify them. Infertility, endometriosis, preeclampsia, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are among the disorders of the reproductive system that it may cause. PCOS is a common reproductive endocrine disorder marked by irregular or absent ovulation, high testosterone levels, and the presence of polycystic ovaries as seen on an ultrasound. Patients with PCOS can have a wide range of signs. The etiology of PCOS remains unclear; however, it is believed to be associated with genetic, metabolic, endocrine, and environmental variables. Oxidative stress (OS) is when the body's oxidative and antioxidative systems are not working together properly. It is linked to the start and progression of many diseases. Research indicates that OS adversely impacts ovarian follicles and interferes with normal follicular growth and maturation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are too high can hurt granulosa cells and oocytes in the follicles, making them less healthy and threatening fertility. The link between oxidative stress (OS) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) needs to be studied in order to understand how OS affects the pathophysiology of PCOS and to find effective treatments that will improve the quality of life for women with PCOS. The possible therapeutic role of antioxidants is also examined.

The teaching of macroscopic anatomy has changed a lot from ancient times until now, since the first human being observed the anatomical parts of other human beings or animals either during a healing action, a fight or a hunting. Later on the first documented systematic anatomical dissections on the human body were carried out around the third century B.C. in Alexandria, but soon was banned for about 16 centuries. Anatomical dissections were restored during late middle age and subsequently improved during the renaissance and following centuries. In the 21st century as complement to improve the medical education new technologies to the teaching of human anatomy are being incorporated. Nevertheless, anatomical dissection will continue to be essential in medical education because cadavers impart a real-time three-dimensional perspective about human body complexities and improve medical practical skills.

Abstract: Introduction: Thyroid infections are rare clinical situations. These include acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST), including abscesses, where the most common infectious agents are gram-positive cocci, thyroid abscesses caused by gram-negative aerobes are rare, as is the case with salmonella. Case Report: We report a case of 50 years old female patient who presented with a painful cervical swelling, evolving since2 weeks, diagnosed as thyroid abscess due to salmonella enterica which revealed a previously undiagnosed diabetes. The abscess was treated by surgical drainage with double systemic antibiotic therapy. Discussion and conclusion: Thyroid abscesses are rare, and salmonella bacteria are an exceptional cause. This type of infection is favored by situations of immunodepression, such as diabetes, especially if undiagnosed or untreated.

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Platelet indices and serum iron have been implicated in cancer pathophysiology and may serve as potential biomarkers in breast cancer. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of platelet indices and serum iron in breast cancer patients attending Imo Specialist Hospital, Owerri, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 60 subjects, comprising 30 breast cancer patients and 30 apparently healthy controls, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Structured questionnaires were administered to gather socio-demographic and clinical data. Six (6) mL of venous blood was collected from each participant; 2mL was dispensed into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) containers for platelet indices determination using an autoanalyzer, and 4 mL into plain tubes for serum separation and iron analysis using spectrophotometry. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27, with mean, standard deviation, Student's t-test, Pearson correlation, and p-values determined. Results: The mean values of mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and serum iron were significantly higher in breast cancer patients [(10.51±1.89) fL, (20.29±7.66) %, and (50.40±15.22) µg/dL, respectively] compared to controls [(7.81±0.46) fL, (15.33±2.89) %, and (27.13±8.45) µg/dL] with p-values of 0.000, 0.002, and 0.000, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in plateletcrit (PCT) (0.23±0.23) % and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) (22.91±7.52) % in breast cancer patients when compared to controls (0.19±0.07) % and (17.59±20.09) % (p=0.338 and p=0.180]. Age-stratified analysis revealed no significant differences in MPV, PDW, PCT, P-LCR, and serum iron between breast cancer patients aged 35–50 years and those older than 50 years (p>0.05). Furthermore, there was a non-significant positive correlation between serum iron and platelet indices, including MPV (r=0.09, p=0.607), PDW (r=0.04, p=0.833), PCT (r=0.15, p=0.421), and P-LCR (r=0.19, p=0.304). Conclusion: This study shows that breast cancer is associated with significantly raised MPV, PDW, and serum iron levels, suggesting enhanced platelet activation and altered iron metabolism in affected patients. These findings imply that MPV and PDW may serve as useful markers for platelet activation, tumor progression, and inflammation in breast cancer. Additionally, elevated serum iron may reflect its involvement in breast cancer pathogenesis. Routine evaluation of platelet indices, particularly MPV and PDW, along with serum iron levels, should be recommended as part of the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of breast cancer patients. Further large-scale studies are warranted to validate the utility of these parameters as biomarkers for breast cancer progression and therapeutic monitoring.

This investigation looked at the impacts of okra seed extract on cholesterol-induced fatty liver disease (CIFLD) in rats. In this study, thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups: G1 the control group, G2 cholesterol group, G3 300 mg/kg of cholesterol plus okra extract and G4 400 mg/kg of cholesterol plus okra extract. Four weeks post-experiment, blood samples were collected for lipid levels, oxidative stress indicators, and liver function tests. Table 1 shows the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which was significantly reduced in the okra extract treatment group (ALT: 200 mg/kg, 100.3 ± 8.6 U/l, 400 mg/kg, 70.5 ± 6.2 U/l), compared to the cholesterol group (ALT: 150.5 ± 10.4 U/l; AST: 120.3 ± 8.6 U/l). TG and TC levels were higher in cholesterol group (TG 150.5 ± 10.4 mg/dl; TC 200.3 ± 8.6 mg/dl) but significantly (P < 0.0001) lower (TG 100.3 ± 8.6 mg/dl and 70.5 ± 6.2 mg/dl for 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively) in okra extract treated groups. Cholesterol group showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher malondialdehyde (MDA) (6.5 ± 0.3 nmol/ml) level, less superoxide dismutase (SOD) (3.2 ± 0.4 U/ml) and less glutathione (GSH) (1.5 ± 0.2 μmol/g tissue) than normal, which were all significantly (p < 0.01) improved by okra extract treatment (400 mg/kg) (MDA: 2.8 ± 0.2 nmol/ml, SOD: 7.0 ± 0.4 U/ml, GSH: 4.8 ± 0.3 μmol/ml). Histopathological analysis showed that severe steatosis and signs of inflammation observed in the cholesterol group were significantly less pronounced on okra-treated groups. We demonstrated that okra seed extract exhibited an effective hepatoprotective properties, which may be, at least in part, through antioxidant properties, the results of this study suggest that okra seed extract seen as a natural treatment option for fatty liver disease.