Plants exhibit physiological, morphological, biochemical and molecular adaptations to maintain growth, development and survival under climate change fluctuations. This research aimed to analyse the secondary metabolites produced in Alhagi maurorum leaves under different environmental stresses. Secondary metabolites were extracted using Ethanol solvent using Soxhlet apparatus. FTIR and GC-MS analyses were applied to detect the metabolites produced in Alhagi leaves. The results exhibit the detection of 24 compounds at different peaks that were produced in the camel thorn that was naturally grown in the field under climatic stressors. These compounds are involved in the metabolic and physiological processes to grow and survive. The research concluded that environmental fluctuations have a direct influence on the metabolic compounds produced in the plant to cope with stressors and differ from the results concluded in the literature. The number and type of compounds detected showed that the leaves exhibit morphological adaptations to cope environment rather than metabolic adaptations compared to other plant parts and compared to the literature.

The study aimed to identify (22)species belonging to the (Cyperaceae )family in Iraq ,the study included determining the environment and distribution of the species, and showed a noticeable variation in their distribution within the Iraqi provinces, Cyperus fiscus appeared widely spread throughout the Iraqi provinces , which appeared in 6 provinces :((MAM ,FKI,LCA,LEA,MCU,DGA), while C.conglomeratus ratt, C.ucheri, Cyperu leavigatus and Acorellulaeviglu were commen species ,with each species spreading to only one province, the other included B.tuberosus dest ,Cyperus rotundus, C.longus, C.difformis L was spread across different Iraqi provinces, the data were entered in a table that included the species under consideration , Iraqi provinces and soil type environment.

In this study, which was conducted on the Tigris River in Salah al_Din Governorate at five stations (Al_Dhuluiya, Al_Alam, Al_uwainat, Balaj Tikrit, and Baiji) the differences were identified through morphological and anatomical comparisons of the following species: Typha domingensis, Eichhornia crassipes, Nasturtium officinale, using the electron microscope. The study included the anatomy of cross sections of the stem of the studied species .The results showed a difference in the internal structure of the stem, especially in the cortex area, as the cortex in Eichhornia crassipes contained a much larger aerial tissue than Typha domingensis, species, which contained a larger aerial tissue than the Water hyacinth species Nasturtium officinale .The morphological study included the shape of the stem, The stem of Typha domingensis plant is cylindrical and straight, reaching a length of about 1-3 meters, and most of its types are unbranched. As for the stem of Eichhornia crassipes plant, it is short, reaching a length of about 10 cm, while the stem of Nasturtium officinale plant is about 60 cm long.

The current study this study investigated the postnatal stages of female sheep were taken the ovary of healthy females, the age of the animals was determined depending on formula of milk teeth and eruption age of teeth. Across two age groups: 2–3 months age and 8–9 months age. In the first group (2–3 months), the ovarian structure lacked clear distinction between cortex and medulla, the germinal epithelium comprised a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells, overlying a moderately thick tunica albuginea made of dense connective tissue. The ovarian cortex displayed numerous primordial follicles beneath the tunica albuginea, each containing an oocyte surrounded by flattened granulosa cells. Early primary follicles with an enlarged oocyte and cuboidal granulosa cells were also observed. Occasional secondary follicles appeared with multiple granulosa layers and early thecal differentiation, but no antral cavities, indicating preantral development. The medulla contained loose connective tissue, fibroblasts, and numerous developing blood vessels. In contrast, in the second group (8-9month) which lambs exhibited clear compartmentalization into cortex and medulla. With surface lined by a simple squamous to low cuboidal germinal epithelium underlain by a thick collagen-rich tunica albuginea. The cortex contained follicles at all developmental stages, including primordial, primary, secondary, and Graafian. The medulla featured dense connective tissue, fibroblasts, and vascular networks.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain how oral administration of 30% and 40% chitosan nanoparticles on bisphenol-A affected the lipid profile, renal function, and liver enzyme parameters (ALT, AST, and ALP) in white male rats. The liver enzyme markers AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, triglycerides TG, cholesterol TC, low-density lipoprotein LDL, and very-low-density lipoprotein "vLDL" were all significantly elevated (p < 0.05) by bisphenol-A, while the concentration of high-density lipoprotein HDL decreased. While a significant decrease was observed in the parameters of liver enzymes, urea, creatinine, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (vLDL) and an increase in the value of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) when treated with chitosan nanoparticles.