Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer among men globally. Medicinal plants have emerged as a promising source of anticancer compounds. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the methanol extract from the Iraqi plant Cordia myxa as an anti-prostate cancer cell agent. Methodology: Fresh Cordia myxa leaves were collected and a methanolic extract was prepared. Phytochemical screening was performed on the extract. The MTT assay and calculation of IC50 values were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of the Cordia myxa methanolic extract on human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3). Acridine Orange staining, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry assays were also employed to identify the induction of apoptosis. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. The Cordia myxa methanolic extract exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity against PC3 cells, with increased exposure time leading to enhanced cytotoxic effects. The findings also demonstrated that the treated prostate cancer cells underwent apoptosis. Flow cytometry confirmed that Cordia myxa extract induced significant apoptosis (48.2%) in human PC3 cells. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Cordia myxa was observed to exert potent anticancer activity against prostate cancer cells, primarily through the induction of apoptosis. These findings represent a crucial step towards understanding the therapeutic potential of Cordia myxa as a natural treatment for prostate cancer, thereby paving the way for the development of novel, more effective, and less toxic therapies.

Azo dyes are really good at helping us detect heavy metal ions in a way. We have made a lot of progress in making Azo dyes in a natural way and using tiny particles, which is called nanotechnology. This has led to the creation of Nano-azo dye products that're easier to use and give faster results. The main points of this review talk about how we can make Nano-azo dyes using things like plant extracts and natural solvents and how we can use techniques like microwaves and sound waves to save energy. Nano-azo dyes are very good at finding metals like iron, copper and lead because they have a big surface area and can be adjusted to work well with light. This is very important. Even though we have gotten some results there are still some problems to solve like making sure the Nano-azo dyes are stable and do not get confused by other ions and finding a way to make them on a big scale so we can use them commercially. We need to make the sensors stronger and find ways to use them with tiny materials and we want to use them to monitor the environment and help people’s health. Using Nano-azo dyes that are made in a way is a great idea for the future because it will help us detect heavy metal ions in a way that is good, for the planet, efficient and affordable.

Our bodies make molecules when they break down food and when they are stressed. These molecules are called radicals. Free radicals are important for our bodies to work properly like when we're fighting off sickness and our cells are talking to each other. When we have too many free radicals it can cause problems. Our brain cells are very sensitive to damage from radicals. This is because brain cells use a lot of oxygen they have a lot of fat they do not have things to protect them from damage and they do not fix themselves very well. Free radicals can hurt our brain cells. Cause oxidative stress. Our brain cells are very important. When free radicals hurt them it can cause big problems. Free radicals are a problem, for our brain cells. Oxidative stress causes a lot of problems like lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, mitochondrial malfunction, DNA damage, compromised synaptic transmission and neuronal apoptosis. Oxidative stress is the reason for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntingtons disease. These diseases happen because of the changes that oxidative stress causes. This review talks about the production and metabolism of radicals the molecular processes that cause neuronal damage the endogenous antioxidant defense systems and the connection between oxidative stress and neurodegeneration from a thorough biochemical standpoint focusing on oxidative stress and neurodegeneration and how oxidative stress affects the body. The review covers stress and its effects on the body including neurodegeneration to understand how oxidative stress leads to neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntingtons disease. New ways to reduce damage and keep neuronal function working are also talked about along with new ideas, for using antioxidants to treat people. If we understand the pathways that connect free radicals to neuronal deterioration better this can help us find more effective ways to prevent and treat neurological illnesses like these neurological illnesses. The more we know about the pathways that connect free radicals to neuronal deterioration the more we can do to stop neurological illnesses from happening in the first place and the more we can do to treat neurological illnesses when they do happen.

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic joint synovial arthritic joint deterioration. The identification of novel biomarkers is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and understanding disease pathogenesis. Spexin, a recently discovered adipokine, has been implicated in metabolic and inflammatory processes, While Annexin A2 is recognized to have a pro-inflammatory function in the pathophysiology of RA, Spexin, a recently identified adipokine, has been linked to metabolic and inflammatory processes. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate serum spexin levels and their correlation with Annexin A2 in males with rheumatoid arthritis compared to healthy controls, as well as to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of these biomarker1s. Methods: A case-control study was undertaken including 42 male RA patients and 42 age- and BMI-matched healthy male controls (45-70 years). Serum concentrations of spexin, Annexin A2, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACCP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and uric acid were examined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, Pearson correlation, and independent t-tests were among the statistical methods used. Results: Results: The concentrations of serum spexin were significantly decreased in the RA group compared to the control group (4.201 ± 1.350 vs. 5.988 ± 1.666 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). On the other hand, the concentrations of serum Annexin A2 were significantly increased in the RA group (30.73 ± 6.543 vs. 21.21 ± 5.505 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Spexin had only poor analytical sensitivity (AUC = 0.221), whereas Annexin A2 had a good diagnostic value (AUC = 0.868). Conclusion: Lower serum levels of spexin and higher levels of Annexin A2 have been linked to RA in males. The inverse relationship between spexin and Annexin A2 levels implies possible interaction in the pathophysiology of RA. Annexin A2 can be used for diagnosing RA, whereas spexin may act as a treatment target.