Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose a major threat to patient safety and healthcare quality. Adherence to standard precautions is essential for infection prevention, particularly among nursing students who are frequently exposed to clinical risks during training. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and compliance of nursing students with standard precautions for the prevention of HAIs at South Kashmir Paramedical and Nursing College, Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 nursing students using a structured, self-administered questionnaire based on CDC guidelines. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation to evaluate the relationship between knowledge and compliance. Results: The mean knowledge score was 5.2 ± 1.1 (out of 7), and the mean compliance score was 36.8 ± 5.4 (out of 45), indicating moderate to high levels of awareness and adherence. A statistically significant moderate positive correlation (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) was found between knowledge and compliance. Conclusion: While students demonstrated satisfactory knowledge and compliance, gaps remain in translating knowledge into consistent clinical practice. Strengthening hands-on training, mentorship, and institutional support is recommended to enhance infection control outcomes.

Background: The world and the health care system went through a challenging and life-changing situation. Psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction have an impact on the overall development of an individual. People with higher psychological wellbeing enjoy a better quality of life and a higher life satisfaction outcome. As a counsellor for the study population in this study, the investigator assesses the association between psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction during the lockdown and post-lockdown periods from August 2020 to January 2022 to provide appropriate service. Methodology: The researcher used a quantitative descriptive design. Six hundred seventy-two2 students participated by filling out an online demographic Performa, Ryff's and Keye's psychological wellbeing scale, and Diener's Satisfaction with Life scale. The psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction were assessed during lockdown, two weeks post-lockdown, and three months post-lockdown. Data Analysis: The psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction of undergraduate nursing students during and after the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic were analysed using descriptive and univariate regression analysis. Results: The study involved 672 nursing students, predominantly female Christians from Tamil Nadu, South India, with a mean age of 22.87 ± 1.94. Psychological wellbeing remained consistently high during the lockdown, two weeks post-lockdown, and 3 months post-lockdown, with scores of 91.42 ± 12.56, 91.75 ± 12.37, and 92.53 ± 14.31, respectively. Similarly, life satisfaction scores were 25.41 ± 5.39, 25.30 ± 5.61, and 25.54 ± 5.88 during these periods. Positive relationships with others significantly contributed to the student's psychological wellbeing (p < 0.001), with post-lockdown relationships showing continued significance. Additionally, personal growth exhibited a positive relationship (p = 0.030) between lockdown and three months post-lockdown. Life satisfaction significantly improved (p < 0.038) from lockdown to three months post-lockdown. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the counselor took appropriate interventions to improve the wellbeing and life satisfaction, such as tele-counseling based on the sub-scale and overall score, identifying appropriate support systems, enhancing positive coping strategies, and developing resilience.

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with impaired immune function, heightening susceptibility to viral infections such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV), particularly plantar warts. Despite this risk, HPV-related skin conditions are under-recognized in diabetes care. This study investigates the impact of nurse-led interventions, education, routine screening, and community outreach, on managing HPV-related infections in T2DM patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 T2DM patients aged 40–75 years between January 2020 and February 2021. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical record reviews. A complementary meta-analysis of 10 peer-reviewed studies published from 2010 to 2023 assessed the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions in glycaemic control and infection management, using metrics such as HbA1c reduction, foot care adherence, and ulcer prevention. Results: Plantar warts were observed in 14.18% of patients, with higher prevalence among those aged 60–69 (43%) and those with obesity (28%). Nurse-led education programs improved infection prevention practices, especially in high-risk groups. Screening revealed comorbidity associations: 78.31% had hypertension, and 42.55% had a family history of diabetes. The meta-analysis showed significant improvements in HbA1c (e.g., Cho & Kim, 2021: -0.55, p < 0.001), foot care behavior, and early detection accuracy (e.g., Oh et al., 2022: AUC = 0.717, p = 0.011). However, socio-economic disparities persisted, with 23% residing in underserved rural areas and 13% in low-income brackets. Discussion: Nurse-led interventions significantly improve early detection, infection prevention, and patient self-care among T2DM patients, particularly when tailored to demographic and comorbidity profiles. Mobile clinics and community outreach reduced barriers, but structural inequities in rural and low-income groups remain a challenge. Conclusion: Integrating nurse-led education and screening protocols into routine diabetes care enhances the management of HPV-related infections. Addressing socio-economic disparities through targeted outreach is essential for equitable healthcare delivery and improved patient outcomes.

The global prevalence of maternal obesity has increased dramatically, with approximately 39 million pregnancies annually complicated by maternal obesity. This review examines the multifaceted risks associated with excessive gestational weight gain and maternal obesity, exploring both established complications and emerging concerns through current research evidence. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of recent literature on maternal obesity, focusing on epidemiological trends, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes. The review synthesizes findings from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials published primarily within the last decade to provide an evidence-based assessment of obesity-related pregnancy complications. Results: Maternal obesity demonstrates strong associations with numerous adverse outcomes, including fertility impairment, early pregnancy loss, hypertensive disorders, and gestational diabetes. For every 5 kg/m² increase in BMI above the ideal range, stillbirth risk increases by 24%. Obese women exhibit 3.69-fold higher risk of gestational hypertension and significantly elevated pre-eclampsia risk through mechanisms involving adiposopathy, insulin resistance, and complement system dysregulation. Labor complications include threefold higher odds of induction failure and cesarean rates reaching 52.3% in morbidly obese women. Importantly, maternal obesity programs lasting metabolic dysfunction in offspring, with effects detectable even at age 60. Conclusion: The evidence demonstrates that maternal obesity represents a significant modifiable risk factor affecting both immediate pregnancy outcomes and long-term health trajectories of mothers and offspring. While dietary interventions show greater efficacy than physical activity alone in managing gestational weight gain, intervention timing is critical, with implementation before 20 weeks’ gestation yielding superior outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of preconception counseling and early pregnancy interventions to mitigate obesity-related pregnancy complications.

Background: Children spend a significant amount of time in schools, where they are exposed to health emergencies that require rapid intervention, such as cuts, bruises, bleeding, asthma attacks, and even loss of consciousness. Teachers are the most likely to handle these situations, and therefore must possess adequate first aid knowledge. A lack of this knowledge can lead to serious complications or even death. Therefore, assessing teachers' first aid knowledge is an important step toward enhancing student safety and improving emergency response within schools. Objective: The objective of the study is to analyse the knowledge level of the primary school teachers both in government and privately run schools on the first aid issues and to see their preparedness to handle any emergency situations that could happen at the school and might need their attention. Methodology: The study applied a cross-sectional study design to assess knowledge of the primary school teachers in Babil Governorate, in both governmental and private schools regarding the first aid procedures. This study commenced on march 14, 2025 to July 1, 2025. Target samples: (499) male and female teachers in the governmental and private schools in Babil Governorate. The sample is assigned to the research as per certain criteria. An instrument that was designed to assess the study is a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire largely comprises three sections, which include personal data, general information and the final section is information about the knowledge regarding first aid of the teachers. Results: The study represents the ages of the participants in the questionnaire, and the largest percentage (17.4%) was from the age group (31-34 years), The majority (71.5%) were females, the majority (78%) were from the government sector, have you received first aid training before? The majority (65.3%) answered no, while the question Is there a first aid kit or box at school? The majority answered with yes about (86%). Conclusion: This recent study aimed to assess primary school teachers' knowledge of first aid. The results indicated that a large percentage of teachers did not know the emergency number, and that half of the participants had not attended first aid courses. Many of them did not know how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Recommendation: Coordination with health authorities to conduct training courses for teachers on first aid for students.