Background/Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted children's play behavior. Study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the play behavior of Indian school children aged 10-12 years in rural and urban areas. It aims to assess changes in various forms of play, including indoor play, outdoor play, creative play, natural play and virtual play, before and after the pandemic. Methods: The study used a quantitative, descriptive approach with a self-constructed play behavior questionnaire. A sample of 150 children from urban and rural areas in selected districts of Kerala State in India. Was selected via multi-stage random sampling. Results: The findings highlight notable changes in children's play patterns, with a marked increase in virtual play and a decline in outdoor and natural play among both rural and urban children following the COVID-19 pandemic. Natural play was consistently higher in rural areas, while creative play became more common in urban settings after the pandemic. Virtual play was notably higher in urban areas throughout. Socio-demographic variables such as gender, number of siblings, and passive screen time were found to influence play behavior. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into how the COVID-19 pandemic altered play behaviors among Indian school children aged 10-12 years, with distinct patterns emerging between rural and urban settings. A significant shift towards virtual play and a decline in outdoor and natural play were observed across both areas, with rural children maintaining higher levels of natural play, while urban children engaged more in creative and virtual play after the pandemic. The study sheds light on the changes in play and their potential effects on children’s social and cognitive development. The COVID-19 pandemic brought noticeable changes in children's play behaviors, with differences observed between rural and urban areas.

Context: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common and severe side effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents, requiring prompt and accurate treatment. Aims: The current study aimed to estimate nurses' knowledge and confidence in managing DKA, investigate their relationship with sociodemographic factors, and determine the correlation between nurses' knowledge and self-confidence. Settings and Design: The current study adopted a cross-sectional approach in four teaching hospitals in Baghdad city. Methods and Material: This descriptive cross-sectional study included nurses from four Baghdad hospitals. A proportionate stratified random sampling method selected 200 nurses from distinct departments. A standardized, validated questionnaire assessed nurses' sociodemographic features, knowledge, and self-confidence in managing diabetic ketoacidosis. Cronbach's alpha of 0.79 validated the questionnaire's dependability. Statistical Analysis: In SPSS, the researchers calculated mean scores, Spearman's rank test, and Pearson's analysis. Results: The results proved that the participants’ overall knowledge and self-confidence were unacceptable. The study also demonstrated a positive relationship between education level and their knowledge of managing DKA. A statistically significant relationship was also found between the training courses nurses received about DKA and their confidence in managing DKA. The study finds a statistically significant correlation between nurses' self-confidence and their level of knowledge. Conclusions: Although nurses' general knowledge and confidence in managing diabetic ketoacidosis were moderate, the results indicated room for improvement, particularly in practical aspects. It was also found that the effect of educational level on the variables of knowledge and training among nurses improves confidence.

Background: HVA in mass gathering is usually named Hazard Vulnerability Assessment which is an important procedure in the effort to control health risks in mass gatherings. Mass gatherings, such as big sports championships or religious pilgrimages, present their own major issues to public health because they create high density of the population, requiring local health services capacity to rise and therefore risks of communicable diseases, injuries and other causes of emergency, Therefore, the research undertaken here is Assessment of the Hazard Vulnerability during Karbala religious mass gathering in Iraq\ on 20th Safar (Al Arbeen). Methodology: Descriptive study (retrospective) study between (2008-2012) covers: data collection of hazards assessment at health departments of ministry of health in Iraq. Results: Hazard Vulnerability assessment will be done as there had been occurrence of risks in the history of this events which occurred within the period between (2008-2012), which include: terrorist acts 1281 injured and 360 died, road traffic accident that mainly affected the male population and the poisoning accidents and other fires, the worst region with regard to injuries is Karbala (51.6%), whereas the high rate in death was 33.3%, and the road traffic accident in Karbala indicated a rise in those who As well the findings indicate that conversely, the poisoning accidents have the highest figures in 2010 and the fire accidents that have been occurring mainly in the shrine area being mainly as a result of electrocution. Discussion: The Challenges and risks for Al Arbaeen event indicates that displays of terrorist acts in Karbala 2008-2012 was greater and this impact on the medical services in Karbala specially in this event which has a big crowd. Conclusion and Recommendations: The medical plans used in this event should be modified and the incident command system all levels activated so as to reduce the hazards, this should be done in co-operation of the ministries and organizations (national and international) and Attabas (the shrines medical departments).