Abstract: Background and Aims: An important enzyme for dental health, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serves a variety of purposes in preserving the structure and functionality of oral tissues. In order to better understand salivary ALP's potential as a biomarker for dental erosion and its diagnostic and prognostic utility in both young and adult populations, this study set out to clarify its possible role. Materials and Methods: In the study, there were twenty-seven patients with dental erosion and an equal number of age and gender-matched healthy controls. Before a meal and without stimulation, samples were taken from the control and study groups by passively drooling into a sterile glass tube until 5 ml was collected. Results: Salivary ALP levels showed a significant difference between patients with and without dental erosion (63.68 ± 4.36 (IU/L) versus 21.47 ± 1.16 (IU/L)), with a p-value of 0.0001 indicating a very high significance. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels and teeth erosion were found to have sturdy positive relation (r= 0.989) high significantly P< 0.001. Conclusion: Salivary alkaline phosphatase is a vital enzyme, which is essential for the mineralization of teeth and it considers biomarker for the severity and progression of dental erosion.

Background: Exodontia, or the removal of teeth, is not only a routine dental procedure but also a significant event that interacts with the cardiovascular system. Stress, anxiety, and pain associated with tooth extraction can lead to fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate, especially in patients with pre-existing conditions. The role of local anesthesia, the psychological state of the patient, and procedural factors are all critical in understanding these physiological changes. Research indicates a transient elevation in blood pressure and heart rate during exodontia, predominantly due to stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This review aims to analyze the existing literature on the interplay between dental procedures and cardiovascular responses, highlighting factors that exacerbate or mitigate these effects. Conclusions: Effective management strategies for anxiety and pain, such as pharmacological interventions and patient preparation, are essential for minimizing risks during such procedures. Understanding these dynamics is vital for ensuring patient safety and improving outcomes in dental practice.

Abstract: Background: The maxillary third molar is among the most commonly impacted teeth and can present in various forms depending on the direction and depth of impaction. However, bilateral inverted impaction of the maxillary third molars is an exceptionally rare condition, with only a single case reported in the current literature. Case Report: This case report unequivocally outlines the uncommon presentation and management of bilateral inverted maxillary third molars in a 50-year-old female. Routine radiographic imaging unmistakably identified the inversion, with crowns oriented upward and roots directed toward the alveolar crest, alarmingly close to the maxillary sinus. Since the teeth were symptomatic, surgical removal was decisively recommended to avert potential complications, such as infection and disruption of prosthetic rehabilitation. The extractions were executed across two sessions, with healing proceeding without any complications. Conclusion: This case underscores the critical necessity for thorough imaging and a bespoke treatment strategy for addressing rare dental anomalies. It accentuates the need for personalized care, considering the patient’s health, surgical risks, and prosthetic objectives. Given the rarity of bilateral inverted maxillary third molar impactions, this report delivers significant insights into their management and surgical strategy

Abstract: Warthin’s tumor (WT), also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, is a benign salivary gland neoplasm predominantly affecting the parotid gland. Despite its benign nature, the tumor presents unique diagnostic and clinical challenges due to its variable presentation and occasional multifocal or bilateral occurrence. The etiology of WT remains incompletely understood, though associations with smoking and lymphoid tissue interactions suggest a complex pathophysiology. Recent advancements in imaging and histopathological techniques have improved diagnostic accuracy, yet differentiating WT from other salivary gland neoplasms remains crucial for appropriate management. Surgical excision remains the primary treatment modality, particularly for symptomatic or enlarging lesions, although conservative management is increasingly considered in select cases. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options for WT, emphasizing the role of modern imaging modalities and the emerging debate over the necessity of surgical intervention in all cases. Understanding the nuances of WT is essential for clinicians to ensure accurate diagnosis, optimize patient outcomes, and avoid overtreatment. Future research should focus on elucidating molecular markers for better risk stratification and exploring non-invasive management approaches.

Abstract: Background: Nowadays, yttria stabilized ZrO2 is the most commonly used esthetic material in fixed dental prosthodontics. The vast majority of full contour monolithic fixed dental restorations were made from multilayered translucent zirconia. The Aim of this Research: Was to study the flexural strength of three different layers of multilayered zirconia discs manufactured with two multilayering technologies (yttria graded and shade graded) and sintered at different temperatures. Method: Ninety bars were divided into 3 groups (n=30) made from three different zirconia discs manufactured with various multilayering techniques, Zircad PRime, Super Translucent Multilayered and Zolid FX, each main group subdivided into three subgroups (n=10) in accordance with the multilayered zirconia materials that were used and three different layers were utilized from each disc: Zircad PRime Cervical ZPRC, Zircad PRime Middle ZPRM, Zircad PRime Incisal ZPRI, STM Cervical STMC, STM Middle STMM, STM Incisal STMI, Zolid FX Cervical ZFXC, Zolid FX Middle ZFXM and Zolid FX Incisal ZFXI. After milling the specimens were separated from zirconia discs, then fully sintered conventionally for 2 hours according manufacturer instructions regarding final temperature and the strength evaluated with three point’s flexural strength bending test utilizing the universal testing equipment. Result: Non significant differences among layers of shade graded zirconia STM and Zolid FX while a difference was observed between layers of yttria graded zirconia Zircad PRime. Highest result was for ZPRC and lowest flexural strength result was for ZFXC. Conclusion: Neither all multilayered zirconia discs nor the variable layers are the same. Incisal layer of varying yttria concentrations multilayered zirconia demonstrates much lower flexural strength than cervical layer at the same disc, while shade graded multilayered disc variable layers have same strength, yttria content greatly influence strength of zirconia materials and sintering temperature has no effect on flexural strength of layers have the same yttria content.