Bacterial conjunctivitis is a widespread ocular infection affecting both humans and animals, commonly caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. This review examines the similarities in etiologies, clinical features, and the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance observed in conjunctival infections across species. Notably, the emergence of resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has complicated treatment efforts and increased public health concerns. The rising rates of resistance highlight the urgent need for coordinated surveillance systems and more prudent antibiotic use. Employing the One Health approach, which recognizes the intrinsic links between human, animal, and environmental health, provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of resistance development, transmission pathways, and risks of zoonotic and reverse zoonotic infections. Gaining a thorough understanding of these interactions is crucial for designing effective management strategies, improving diagnostic protocols, and promoting responsible antimicrobial stewardship in both medical and veterinary fields. A unified effort is necessary to address the evolving threat of antibiotic-resistant conjunctival pathogens.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is a widespread ocular infection affecting both humans and animals, commonly caused by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. This review examines the similarities in etiologies, clinical features, and the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance observed in conjunctival infections across species. Notably, the emergence of resistant strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has complicated treatment efforts and increased public health concerns. The rising rates of resistance highlight the urgent need for coordinated surveillance systems and more prudent antibiotic use. Employing the One Health approach, which recognizes the intrinsic links between human, animal, and environmental health, provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of resistance development, transmission pathways, and risks of zoonotic and reverse zoonotic infections. Gaining a thorough understanding of these interactions is crucial for designing effective management strategies, improving diagnostic protocols, and promoting responsible antimicrobial stewardship in both medical and veterinary fields. A unified effort is necessary to address the evolving threat of antibiotic-resistant conjunctival pathogens.

Abstract: The modification of nanocellulose surfaces using lemon extracts as an antibacterial agent for fish applications presents a promising avenue for enhancing fish health. This approach leverages the natural antibacterial properties of lemon, which can be integrated into nanocellulose, a biopolymer known for its biodegradability and mechanical strength. The following sections outline the key aspects of this modification process. Because cellulose's surface has a large number of reactive groups, or hydroxyl groups, it is easily functionalized with other functional groups, including amines, carboxylic acids, and aldehydes, to produce a variety of characteristics. Furthermore, the variety of substances that can be grafted onto cellulose's structure, including proteins, polymers, metal nanoparticles, and antibiotics, is increased by the material's ease of surface modification. Cellulose nano-/microfibrils and nanocrystals are utilized in numerous research projects as a vehicle for antibacterial drugs. this investigation on nanocellulose. Using a sustainable and eco-friendly analytical method, nanoparticles made from natural materials and physical technical processes were created without the use of chemicals during the production or extraction processes. its usage as a reinforcing agent; the production of nanocrystalline cellulose and its application in nanocomposites. The antimicrobial properties of Citrus limonum fruit juice extract were examined. After dissolving in a nonionic surfactant solution, an antibacterial drug that is not highly water soluble was added to cellulose nanocrystals. This study describes a novel attempt to use lemon, an environmentally safe bactericidal agent, to chemically cross-link antimicrobial nanocellulose. The findings of antimicrobial tests subsequently effectively showed that the generated nanoparticles exhibit synergistic effects, with an increase in nanocomposite concentration inhibiting the growth of six fish bacterial strains. Aeromonas sobria, A. hydrophila, A. veronii, Vibrio cholera, Serratia fonticola, and Serratia odorifera were among these strains, in that order. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurements showed that the generated nanocomposite particles had an average diameter of 52.63 nm, making them nanoscale. which lemon crude is successfully incorporated into films made of nanocellulose, it may exhibit antibacterial qualities against a range of bacterial species. Serratia fonticola, Serratia odorifera, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas sobria, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii. Given the efficacy of the technological technique of making their composites by loading them over prepared nanocellulose, the study's findings suggest that lemon crude can be utilized to treat bacterial illnesses in fish.

Abstract: Salmonella enterica is a major zoonotic pathogen responsible for foodborne illnesses worldwide. In this study, we aimed to identify S. enterica isolates from 200 clinical and environmental samples using both traditional microbiological techniques and molecular methods. Of the 100 bacterial isolates, 20 were confirmed as S. enterica through biochemical tests and molecular identification. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to amplify the 16S rRNA, B-scDNAp, and Hd genes for species confirmation and characterization. All 20 isolates tested positive for the 16S rRNA gene, while 85% and 75% of the isolates were positive for B-scDNAp and Hd genes, respectively. The results highlight the effectiveness of using multiple molecular markers for accurate detection and strain differentiation in S. enterica. This approach enhances diagnostic precision and contributes to the understanding of the genetic diversity and potential virulence factors of S. enterica, offering valuable insights for public health surveillance and control strategies.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a ubiquitous pathogen that affects a broad spectrum of hosts, including both animals and humans. It is one of the primary causative agents of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows, contributing significantly to economic losses in the dairy industry, both in Iraq and globally. This study aimed to investigate the role of K. pneumoniae as a causative agent of clinical mastitis in Diwaniyah province, Iraq, and to assess the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates. A total of 30 milk samples were collected from various locations within Diwaniyah province between November 2024 and February 2025. The samples were transported in a cooled container to the microbiology laboratory at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, for bacteriological analysis. Based on colony morphology and biochemical characteristics, K. pneumoniae was identified in 7 out of 30 milk samples, representing a prevalence of 23.3%. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using disc diffusion testing, which revealed that all K. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to Norfloxacin, Azithromycin, and Ciprofloxacin. However, the isolates exhibited complete resistance to Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid, Cefixime, Ampicillin, and Cephalosporins. In conclusion, the high prevalence of K. pneumoniae in clinical mastitis cases and the significant antibiotic resistance observed suggest a potential public health risk, particularly through the food chain. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring K. pneumoniae and its resistance patterns to safeguard both animal and human health.

Toxocariasis is a parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution that affects both cats and dogs. Caused by Toxocara spp. Is a globally prevalent parasitic roundworm. It is a member of the Ascarididae family, which includes one of the most common intestinal parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Toxocara spp. in a total of 150 cats fecal sample and eggs of T. spp in different stages development were incubated with Potassium Dichromate K2Cr2O7 extract in different concentrations 2.5% and 5% in vitro from two major breeds from Babylon (75 pets cats and 75 stray cats breeds). Therefore, this is the first parasite investigation as well as molecular characteristic analysis to be conducted in Babylon on pets and stray cats. After conducting a comprehensive examination, the clinical indicators exhibited by these animals were reported. In order to examine parasite eggs under a microscope, we collected feces from each animal. A small sample of faeces was also subjected to molecular analysis. Our investigation found that infestation rates, according to the microscopic method, were 24.6% (21% in stray and 16 % in pets cats). Microscopic investigations of the eggs incubated with Potassium dichromate extract demonstrated restricted larval growth at doses of 2.5% for 14 days but in concentaration 5% eggs developed faster to larvae L3 s, Subsequently, stray cats residing in hilla exhibit an elevated prevalence of Toxocara.spp. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective methods or identifying and eliminating T.spp parasites in pet and straycats, while simultaneously prioritising public education on animal and human health. The findings highlight the imperative of preventive measures against toxocariasis due to its widespread occurrence. Recognising the inter connectedness of animal, environmental, and human health underscores the importance of deworming cats, promoting hygiene, and educating the public to mitigate the risks of this zoonotic condition. Protecting feline health benefits cats and reduces the likelihood of human transmission, creating a positive outcome for both.