Background: Although it has been demonstrated that malaria, which causes a significant number of deaths in endemic countries, affects hematological parameters both directly and indirectly, certain hematological parameters among populations in malaria-endemic regions have not been consistently described as a standard for measuring malaria burden. A feverish condition with several blood cell parameter changes is caused by malaria. Among these alterations are anemia and thrombocytopenia. Objective: The objective is to assess the evaluation of Hematological Changes in Malaria Patients in Shendi Town, Sudan. Methodology: The study was conducted across sections. This study included 80 people, of which 30 were healthy for comparison and 50 had malaria. Each person who gave informed consent to participate in the study had approximately 5 milliliters of blood drawn. A complete blood count was carried out on their samples using a hematology auto-analyzer to ascertain their hematological parameters. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to statistically evaluate the data collected from the study after it was entered into a database. Results: According to the study, the average age of the malaria patients was 29.8 years, with 48% of them being men and 52% being women. The mean values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW were (11.2 g/dl), (33.5%), (4.1x1012/l), (80.7 fl), (42.3 pg), (33.0 g/dl), and (17.8), respectively, according to the complete blood count (CBC). The mean TWBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mid-platelet count, and MPV were also higher, at 6.5 x 109 /l, 60.2%, 29.9%, 9.4%, 206.1 x 109 /l, and 8.7 x 109. Conclusion: Significant alterations in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets, and neutrophils are caused by malaria.

Salmonella is one microorganism in which resistant serotypes have emerged because of the widespread use of antibiotics. The study was aimed to determine the prevalence of TEM 1 gene in multidrug resistance salmonella species isolated from diarrheogenic patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano. Standard microbiological techniques were employed for isolation and identification of Salmonella. Disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Molecular techniques was used for detection of TEM 1 resistant gene in multidrug resistant isolates. The result showed 22 out of 170 samples were positive for Salmonella spp which accounted for 12.9%. Higher incidence of Salmonella was found among subjects of age between 21 – 30 years. Salmonella spp were highly resistant to ampicillin (86.4%), streptomycin and gentamicin (77.3%) each, chloramphenicol (72.7%) and augmentin (61.2%). Less resistant was recorded by ciprofloxacin (27.3%), tetracycline and erythromycin 36.4% each. Based on the activity of the antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin were the most effective antibiotics while ampicillin, streptomycin and gentamicin were less effective. From the result, 8 (36.4%) isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics tested while 14 (63.6%) of the isolates were resistant to less than three antibiotics. The gel electrophoresis results for the PCR products obtained for detection of TEM-1 gene for each of the 8 Salmonella isolates showed 6 (75%) out of the 8 multidrug resistant showed presence of TEM-1 gene at 296bp. It is concluded that TEM-1 gene was one of the gene responsible drug resistant in Salmonella.

In general, plants are the primary host for the Penicillium fungus, which can cause a variety of diseases and losses. Additionally, some species are useful to us in a variety of sectors and the manufacture of antibiotics; nevertheless, in this study, the Penicillium fungus was isolated from sick cases of individuals suffering from diabetes, implying that it took advantage of immunity. A small percentage of these patients may experience isolation repeatedly. PCR testing is the most popular technique for finding fungal DNA in clinical materials. In this study, the genus Penicillium was identified through phenotypic analysis under a microscope. Genetic diagnosis confirmed this identification as Penicillium limosum. Products of the polymerase reaction were given in multiplexed DNA. The nitrogenous base sequence was discovered by sequencing isolated specimens from diabetic patients through the Korean Macro gene Company. The fungal isolates have been added to the Global GenBank.

Background: Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder that induces cytological alterations in the airways and oral mucosa. Persistent inflammation and long-term inhalation therapy may contribute to epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and atypia. Objective: To assess cytological changes in sputum and buccal smears among chronic asthmatic patients in Shendi, Sudan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 60 chronic asthmatic patients and 60 matched healthy controls. Sputum and buccal smears were collected, stained using the Papanicolaou technique, and examined microscopically. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Nuclear atypia, inflammation, infection, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and prenuclear halos were significantly more frequent in sputum samples from asthmatic patients compared with controls (p < 0.001). Buccal smears showed increased inflammation and infection among patients, particularly those on long-term inhaled therapy, while nuclear atypia was not statistically significant. Poor housing conditions and positive family history were strongly associated with asthma prevalence. Conclusion: Chronic asthma is linked to marked cytological alterations in sputum and, to a lesser extent, buccal mucosa. These findings highlight the role of cytological screening as a simple and cost-effective tool for evaluating cellular changes in asthmatic patients.