Backgrounds: Rubella (German measles) is a common mild illness signs’ by fever, mild intoxication, rash, swelling, and soreness of the lymph nodes. It affects children and teenagers worldwide and can also affect young adults. Rubella virus infects pregnant women, and can be transmitted to the fetus and causing birth defects or Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). The study designed to scrutinize the role of the Rubella virus in spontaneous abortion by comparing Immunological and molecular tests used in diagnosing the virus in Iraqi aborted women. Methods: A total of sixty women were enrolled from two Baghdad maternity hospitals from December 2023 to February 2024. Thirty serum samples were gathered from spontaneously miscarriage women, and thirty from healthy as a control group. Serological tests, Chemi-Luminescence (TORCH) and Enzyme Immunoassay were performed for diagnosis of Rubella virus infection followed by molecular detection by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Results: Revealed that out of 30 specimens, 26 tested positive for rubella virus. Both Enzyme Immunoassay and Chemi-Luminescence assay detected anti-Rubella virus IgG, but the Immunoassay test showed superiority over the Chemi-Luminescence assay by 54%, and IgM anti-Rubella virus was slightly high by only 3%. Conclusions: Molecular detection was more reliable diagnostic method of rubella virus.

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease commonly managed using salbutamol inhalers. Prolonged exposure to inhaled medications may induce genotoxic alterations, including micronucleus (MN) formation in buccal epithelial cells. Limited data exist regarding such effects among Sudanese asthmatic patients. Objective: To assess the frequency of micronuclei in buccal mucosa among asthmatic patients using salbutamol inhalers and compare the findings with healthy controls in Shendi City. Methods: A descriptive comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants: 50 asthmatic patients using salbutamol inhalers and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Buccal smears were collected, fixed with 95% ethanol, and stained using the Papanicolaou technique. Micronuclei were examined microscopically, and data were analyzed using SPSS employing Chi-square and ANOVA tests. Results: Micronucleus positivity was detected in all asthmatic patients (100%) compared with 80% among controls (p = 0.000). MN frequency increased significantly with age group 20–40 years (52%, p = 0.026) and with duration of inhaler use (p = 0.000). No significant association was found between MN frequency and gender (p = 0.072). Conclusion: Long-term use of salbutamol inhalers is associated with a significant increase in micronucleus frequency in buccal epithelial cells, suggesting potential genotoxic effects. Further studies using DNA-specific stains, such as Feulgen, are recommended to validate these findings.