Wound infections are significant challenge in clinical practice, predominantly caused by bacterial colonization, which delay healing and increase patient morbidity. This study aimed to isolate, identify and determine the antibiotics susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from wound of patients attending Ahmad Sani Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital, Gusau. Fifty wound samples were collected and processed microbiologically including culture, gram staining, biochemical test and serological test. The antibiotics susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer’s disc diffusion method. The bacterial species isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The antibiotics susceptibility testing consistently yielded high susceptibility to amikacin across all the bacterial isolates, indicating the effectiveness of amikacin towards each isolate. However, high resistance was observed against meropenem across all the isolated species, posing a significant challenge in the effective management of wound infections. These findings highlight the prevalence of bacterial pathogens in wound infections and emphasize the growing challenge of antibiotics resistance, particularly to meropenem.

Street vended foods are widely enjoyed because they are inexpensive, easy accessible and flavorful. However, poor hygiene during their preparation and handling can lead to contamination by harmful and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, 30 street food samples were collected and tested, including momos (n=10), manchurian (n=10), and noodles (n=10). The results showed that all the samples were contaminated with S. aureus while Pseudomonas sp. was only found in the momos samples. No Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. were detected in any of the samples. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that most of the isolates were found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefpodoxime, gentamicin, meropenem, doxycycline hydrochloride, amikacin, and tobramycin. On the other hand, a significant level of resistance was observed against ampicillin and ceftazidime in both S. aureus and Pseudomonas isolates. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in street-vended foods points to poor hygiene practices and poses a serious risk to public health. To prevent the spread of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens, regular microbial quality monitoring, improved hygiene practices, and appropriate use of antibiotics are essential.

This review examines the critical challenge of evolving animal virus resistance to vaccines, a phenomenon threatening veterinary medicine, global food security, and public health. While effective for controlling bacterial diseases, vaccination against rapidly mutating RNA viruses often imposes strong selective pressures, driving the emergence of antigenic variants that evade host immunity. These vaccines escape mutants, evidenced in viruses like canine parvovirus (CPV), avian influenza (AIV), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), lead to outbreaks in vaccinated populations and complicate disease management. The paper elucidates the mechanisms behind this resistance, primarily genetic mutations in antigenic sites and sophisticated immune evasion strategies, which enable viruses to circumvent neutralization by vaccine-induced antibodies. It critically evaluates the limitations of current vaccine technologies, including inactivated, live-attenuated, and subunit vaccines, noting that imperfect immunity can inadvertently promote the selection of resistant strains. To address this ongoing evolutionary arms race, the authors advocate for a paradigm shift in vaccine design. They propose leveraging advanced technologies such as viral vector platforms, structural biology, and predictive modeling to develop next-generation vaccines targeting conserved epitopes. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the necessity of global surveillance programs to monitor viral evolution in real-time and calls for a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to create more robust and future-proof vaccination strategies, thereby mitigating the risk of vaccine-driven viral and ensuring long term efficacy.

Intradermal nevi are common benign melanocytic lesions; however, their occurrence in anatomically distinct locations such as the breast may present diagnostic challenges due to site-specific histological variations. Pigmented lesions in the breast region, particularly in the nipple–areola complex, often raise clinical suspicion for malignancy, necessitating careful evaluation and histopathological assessment. Such lesions may occasionally be detected incidentally during evaluation or surgical management of unrelated breast conditions. We report a rare case of an intradermal nevus identified incidentally in the skin overlying a benign breast lump in a middle-aged female, representing a nevus of special site. Histopathological examination revealed classic features of an intradermal nevus, including dermal confinement of nevus cells, progressive maturation, and absence of cytologic atypia or mitotic activity. Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse positivity for S100 protein, confirming melanocytic origin. Awareness of nevi of special sites and their characteristic histological features is essential to avoid misdiagnosis as melanoma and prevent unnecessary aggressive management.